Gender Inequalities in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Gender Inequalities in the inclineplace EssayThe issue of gender inequality has been in the eyes of the public and been in aw argonness of society for decades. The problem of inequality in physical exercise is one of the most vital issues in todays society. In beau monde to understand this situation one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the factors that ca accustom the female sex to halt a much to a greater extent difficult time in getting the same benefits, leases, and ancestry opportunities as the male sex. The society in which we live has been shaped historic everyy by men.A womans primary attachment is to the family role women are therefore less intrinsically committed to utilisation than men and less likely to claim a high level of specialized k this instantledge (Oakley, 1974, p. 28)President Clinton proclaimed April 11, 1996, as the National Pay Inequality Awareness Day. In the year 1972, the Equal affair Opportunity Act was establish ed the goal of the g all all overnment was to change and eliminate the discrimination in the workplace. The major aim of these two acts is to protect individual rights and promotes employment opportunities and fairness for everyone within the workplace. We accept that the government is aware of the inequality between men and women in work place, and they are trying every means they underside to pr levelt and discontinue the inequality so the question is what are the reasons why women are still being treated unfairly at work?Work plays an valuable role in helping individuals find their true identity as intimately as helping one builds their self-esteem.However, in the past women were non encouraged to work real jobs, instead they often stayed at home and are often labeled as housewives. The truth is women do work, they always start out worked, but the work that they do are often unpaid advertize work. Before men assumed that women didnt really want to work they didnt need the bullion and that they pretend diverse interests. (Kimmel, 2000, p.175) So it was assumed that women either couldnt do a job, or, if they could, they would neither want to nor need to do it. Now in the twenty-first degree centigrade things have changed dramatically, more women are educated, and more determined to search for their identity. In order for them to do that, they often time seek employment. Womens participation in the press force has grown to such an extent that society mountain no longer ignore and view women as unimportant. Women face many obstacles when seeking come out of the closet jobs, and even more obstacles when they are working with men.Sex discrimination and gender inequality have always existed in society, but when does it actually start? The behave is ever since the minute they were born. In 1995 Wall Street Journal report observed that elementary school girls receive smaller allowances and are asked to do more chores than boys. (Kimmel, 2000, p.174) When a woman grows up and enters womanhood, if she wishes to work, she would have to face many irrelevant tribulations. Sex discrimination occurs when we treat raft unequally because of soulfulnessal characteristics that are non related to the job. Discrimination can be when we treat pile who are similar in different ways, or when we treat slew who are different in similar ways. (Kimmel, 2000) We often discriminate the people we meet because of our past experiences, from what we have divulgeed, and through stereotyping.Stereotyping is the process of judging someone on the basis of our detection of the group to which he or she belongs. (Robbins, 2003) Stereotypes exist because of the differences among individuals. Since it is almost impossible for human brains to process such large degree of differences quickly, people simplify these differences and make generalizations without even noticing doing so. While these generalizations has originally begun with observed differences a mong people and have a shred of truth to them, most of these generalization have been so largely exaggerated over time that they no longer serve their original purpose of describing people accurately. The way that people make these generalizations are greatly dependent on their ability, punctuate and culture. These characteristics influence how individuals perceive the world around them and their expectations toward others.Socialization and information overload to a fault play a big role in gender stereotyping. Individuals put down learning stereotypes as early as in their infancy. According to The Reproduction Mothering theory by Nancy Chodorow (1978), infants learn expected gender behaviors and stereotypes from their mothers. The girls remain attached to their mothers to learn about emotionally intimacy, while boys are forced to separate from their mothers to be strong and independent. Then from media, school, peers and religion institution, children gradually learned what is to be expected from people who are different from themselves in ethnicity and gender, for instance. Thelarge amount of information readily available to us today also increases stereotyping. Since it is impossible to take in all the information, individuals have to cope with information overload by simplifying what is around them.Stereotyping generally prevents people from recognizing who an individual really is. When a person believes certain stereotypes to be true, his or her perception of a group will most probably be limited by these stereotypes and are unlikely to change. These groundless generalizations can often detain effective communications as a person assumes things about another. In the workplace, this can lead to not recognizing individual achievements and unfriendly relationships between groups, which reduces employee morale and productivity.It is important to recognize stereotypes in the workplace because of the diverse workforce today. Globalization and feminist moveme nt have greatly increased the diversity in the work force. However, stereotypes live management from recognizing the value of diversity and reinforce conformity in the workplace, thus limiting the organizations potential to grow. For instance, managements can miss out good potential employees who can do good. Stereotypes are also noises in communications. (Robbins, 2003) In todays organizations where communications are essential to success, stereotypes can create misunderstandings and harmfully affect day-to-day operations. in that locationfore, it is important that people should understand the harmful impact of stereotypes.It is also important to mention that even though occupational sex segregation started to decrease in the 1970s and in the 1980s, it still exists in todays workforce. Such discrimination is operated through interviewing techniques and the stereotypes of the initial recruiter. A recruiter may believe, for example, that a managerial position is a mans job. He or she may believe that a womans nature does not allow her to be a good manager because women are seen to lack leadership, managerial and technical skills. Recruiters should empty stereotyping and adopt that women are ready to join the work force in any type of job. (Robbins, 2003)Men andwomen differ in their experiences with both paid and unpaid work.In equation to men, for example women do a disproportionate share of unpaid and usually less valued work. Discrimination at work often leads to income gap, for doing the same job as the men, women get less pay. One of the reasons for the inequality wage gap is the assumption that when a man enters a labor force, he enters for good, while for a woman the assumption is that when she enters will eventually take time out for childbearing and parental leave. This too greatly affects womens wages women who drop out of the labor force have lower real wages when they come back to work than they had when they left. Jobs held by mostly females are considered unimportant and lower skilled as compared to male jobs.The other obstacle that women face in workplace is the glass ceiling and the sticky floor these two elements are barriers preventing women from succeeding and raising their attitude at work. The glass ceiling is an expression used to describe the inequalities of men and women within the workforce. It seems that women can become employed but then run into an out of sight barrier when they try to move up the ladder of hierarchy within the organization (McGuire, 2000, p. 3).Employers should pay close attention to gender stereotyping which exists within a workplace. If they avoid doing so they may lose an opportunity to hire or promote a good employee. In order to avoid gender stereotyping it would be of use to mention the stereotypes that exist today. Some common masculine behavior include independence, superiority, status, competition and aggression. In contrast, the feminine behaviors are consensus, inferiority, harmony, and gentleness. (Kimmel, 2000) David Geary, a psychology professor at the University of Missouri, Columbia, concluded that such qualities of men and women are generally true.He states that these stereotypical behaviors are strongly influenced by nature. He also mentions that Over the course of evolution, these stereotypes have resulted due to strategies used by males and females to attract mates. Men and women use certain sexual strategies in order to reproduce, and they are essential to our mating patterns. These sexual strategies are the cause of the male and female differences of today including physical attributes, social behavior,parental interests, and motivational and emotional patterns. However, as an employer, it is important to construct that these are generalities, and that one person can express both masculine and feminine behaviors. People should not be labeled, but instead they should be judged as individuals.Men believe that it is easier to work with men an d that men do a better job and therefore deserve more money. Their pride and egos tell them that women cannot do the job as well as they can. These personal beliefs must be changed. Pairing men and women together on teams will expand the male mindset and hopefully help them realize that females and minorities are as equally qualified. Valuing the differences of all employees can make an organization stronger. Society requires that men and women work together and this is not going to change. What has to change is the way we work together. Communication is the key. If we do not communicate effectively, then the best intentions of both genders will fail (Heim, 1995, p.3).Society influences what we are taught as children in regards to roles of females and males flood tide into the workplace (Hale, 1999, p.14) In sum, it is the relationship between social roles, interests, intergroup relationships and organizational culture norms and values that set the conditions that perpetuate unequa l employment opportunities and outcomes (Hale, 1999, p.13). It is impossible to change people overnight especially what they have been taught and what they have always have confidence in generation after generation.The managers of today grew up in families where their mothers stayed at home, kept house, and took care of children. They have been taught at home that men should be the bread winner the leader of the house, and women should only be housewives and take care of the house. They are also taught that men are stronger and should be the leader of the household and therefore these behaviors flow into the work setting. Even the Bible states that a woman should not be over a man. These beliefs are taught generation after generation.Despite the awareness of gender inequality, there are still arguments about gender difference and assumptions that women and men are from different planets women and men are still treated distinguishably in society. Theworkplace still remains an unequa l arena, plague by persistent sex segregation, wage inequality, sex discrimination, and sexual harassment. Women and men work because they want to and because they have to. Employers should not judge women as being non-dependable. Family structure has changed dramatically over the years. Fathers and mothers today now share family responsibilities. To compensate for this change, businesses have introduced flextime, job sharing, telecommuting, on-site child care and parental leave. (Kimmel, 2000) Employers should accommodate a womans necessarily and expand the gender diversity of their company. There was a time where the balance of respect and roles never existed between the two, but today, men and women are truly redefining themselves and their relationships with each other.Most importantly, women have broken from the manacles of dependence on men. Women no longer have to submit themselves to one main role in family life as the mother. Along with being the mother, women have become the educated breadwinners. As for men, the need for dominancy has changed dramatically because today, men have been found to be the nurturing stay-at-home fathers of their family. Male and female relation is not exclusively a dispute on inequality that women received from society, although that is what propels finding equality between the two genders. Besides, men today also require such needs and hiring based on gender is no longer relevant. Rather, male and female relation resolute this emergent society to work together as a unit.ReferencesOakley, Ann. (1974) The Sociology of Housework New York Pantheon BooksStromberg, Ann H. Harkess, Shirley. (1978) Women Working Theories and Facts inPerspective. California Mayfield Publishing CompanyRobbins, Stephen P. (2003) Organizational Behavior. New Jersey Prentice HallMcGuire, Gail M. (2000) Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Networks Electronic version. Work Occupations, 27(4), 500-523.Hale, Mary. (1999) He Says, She Says Gender and Worklife. P ublic Administration Review,59(5). Retrieved frame 4, 2009, from www.questia.comKimmel, Michael S. (2000) The Gendered Society. New York Oxford University Press

The Scarlet Ibis by James Hurst Essay Example for Free

The Scarlet Ibis by James Hurst EssayGaining from the ameliorate of ones disability, makes a person take care self-centered or conceited. The Scarlet Ibis, a short story by James Hurst tells the story of two brothers. chum salmon tells the story of his actions that contribute to his younger brothers death. sidekicks presumption is the main reason for doodles yearly passing. This idea of pride, is a central theme in the story. Pride, a feeling of importance, merit, or superiority, can cause both cocksure and negative consequences. Moral integrity will destroy the career that took so long to build up. Brothers shame and embarrassment are forces that gave life to draw. Because Brother is ashamed(predicate) of Doodles disability Brother tries to fix Doodle so that he can be pride of his brother. For example, when Brother learns that Doodle will not be capable to walk, Brothers pride causes him to teach Doodle to walk.When Doodle said he could not walk, Brother replied, Shut u p. Im not going to hurt you. Im going to teach you to walk (Hurst 346-347). Brother teaches Doodle to walk simply because he is embarrassed by his disabled brother. In fact Brother admits, All of us must crap something to be proud of (347). Although Brothers reasons are selfish, Doodle is provided with a better life because of Brothers selfish actions. In addition, because Brother is so successful in teaching Doodle to walk, Brother feels even more pride in his accomplishments. Doodle explains, I began to believe in my own infallibility (349). Brother decided to teach Doodle to run, row, swim and climb trees. Certainly, if Doodle were capable of such things running, rowing, swimming it would give Doodle a richer, fuller life.The same pride that gives Doodle life however, also steals his life. When the brothers go off to Horse place Landing for a swimming lesson, a storm disrupts their plans. To escape the rain the brothers quickly head for home. Once Doodle slips and falls, Brother recongnizes that Doodle would always be different. Brother thinks, He had failed and we both knew it. He would never be like the other boys at school (352) The idea that Doodle is different continues to shame Brother. In fact, Brother is so ashamed that his actions cause suffering for Doodle. Brother abandons Doodle. Brother remembers, The knowledge that Doodles and my plans had come to nothing was bitter, and that streak of cruelty within me awakened. I ran as fast as I could, leaving him far behind with a wall of rain dividing us (353).At this point, Brothers pride is excessive and causes him to abandons his younger brother. When Brother finally went back he discovered his brother dead. He had been exhaust from the mouth, and his neck and the front of his shirt were stained a brilliant red (354). Brother pushes Doodle too far this time. His actions were helpful before where they were encouraging Doodle to have a better life, later they become so excessive Brothers pride pushes D oodle far beyond his capabilities. Brother pushes Doodle to the point that was not in his best interest. His pride causes destruction of his brothers life. A society cannot long exist without this sense of trust in each other, without some standards of truth.Lance Armstrong, a well-know cyclist and Tour de France seven time winner, was using illegal Performance Enhancing Drugs all while claiming honesty and integrity. Millions of fans putting their trust into him, having Armstrong play them like fools. many children looked up to such an admirable athlete, showing them cheating to win is okay then repeatedly lying about the actions Armstrong created. Moral integrity is beliefs regarding appropriate conduct in the right conduct. Lance Armstrong moral integrity is ruined.Armstrong thought it was morally acceptable to take Performance Enhancing Drugs while competing in the most prestigious make pass race. Lance Armstrongs moral integrity ruined his career and also how people see him. P ride can be both a validating and negative force. Brother recognized this duality when he said, Pride is a wonderful terrible thing, a seed that bears two vines, life and death (347). throughout the short story Brother stresses the duality, or the two sides of pride. It could of pushed Brother to do achieve greatness, but it became destructive when his obsession with helping Doodle pushed him to his early death. To have the public eye always watching Armstrongs life, he should have know his behavior created a horrible moral integrity as a wellrespected celebrity.

Historical Account of Tragedy in Literature

Historical Account of catastrophe in LiteratureThe chorus in Aeschylus Agamemnon clearly elucidates the Aristotelian principle of catastrophe Zeus, whose will has marked for manhood the sole way where wisdom lies, ordered angiotensin converting enzyme eternal plan Man must suffer to be wise. Elizabethan catastrophe is derived from this deterrent exampleised model of tragedy as depicted by Aristotle in his Poetics. As a music genre, Elizabethan tragedy is distinguished from that of Shakespe atomic number 18, although Shakespe ars tragedies are oft held as the epitome of the sad general anatomy. Indeed, the Oxford side Dictionary cites only two quotations from the Renaissance under the entry for tragedy, both of which are from Shakespeare. There appears to be a deliberate judgment in including Shakespeare in the melospectacular cannon to the exclusion of such influential playwrights as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Heywood and John Webster. Although it is clear that Shakespe are made an important contribution to the development of modern tragedy, derived from unmixed models, contemporary dramatists were much more castingative in negotiating Aristotelian models of tragedy with the new philosophical, tender and political climate of the Renaissance.Philips Sidneys defence of the tragic form in An Apologie for Poetrie (1595) articu tardilys the chasteistic and didactic purpose of poetry.So that the right vse of Comedy will (I thinke) by no body be blamed, and much lesse of the high and excellent Tragedy that openeth the greatest wounds, and sheweth forth the Vlcers, that are couered with Tissues that maketh Kinges feare to be Tyrants, and Tyrants manifest their tirannicall humors that with stirring the affects of admiration and commiseration, teacheth, the vncertainety of this world, and vpon howe weake foundations guilden roofes are built (Sidney F3v-F4)The emphasis on virtuous instruction is clear, and informed the tragic form in the both Shakespear ean and non-Shakespearean dramas. Tragedy, according to Aristotle, is noble and concerned with lofty matters, as opposed to the flippant and crude nature of prank. Sidney defines the function of tragedy as uncovering the greatest wounds of the inherently weake foundations of the world. Tragedy, therefore, produces an emotional response in the listening by exposing humane flaws, which allows them to participate in a form of moral regeneration. Thomas Heywoods An Apology for Actors (1612) also cites the authoritative model of tragedy in order to elevate English drama in general by accentuating the virtuously instructive nature of tragedy, as well as to tie his own works to the legitimate tradition of tragedy. If we present a Tragedy, we include the fatall and abortiue intercepts of such as commit nonorious execution of instruments, which is aggrauated and acted with all the Art that may be, to terrifie men from the like abhorred practises (Heywood F3v). Heywood thus believes th at the tragic downfall of the moral, but flawed, bomber is a terrifying lesson to the audience through the pity and fear evoked by watching the play itself, a notion described by Aristotle and termed by modern scholars as catharsis. contempt Heywoods belief in the moral condition of tragedy, Renaissance tragedy, for the most part, does not live up to the Aristotelean model.For Stephen Greenblatt (1980), Renaissance field of operation, named after a queen whose power is constituted in theatrical celebrations of royal glory and theatrical violence visited upon the enemies of that glory, replays the process of provoking subversion central to the states authorization of its own power the form itself, as a primary expression of Renaissance power, contains the radical doubts it continually produces (297). Thus, any echo of Aristotelian notions of tragedy in the works of playwrights such as Heywood, Marlowe, Webster, and even Shakespeare, can be seen not as a insistence upon the dramat ic perfection of classical forms, but as a means of modify genuineness to the challenge to political and cultural structures. As Moretti (1982) observed in respect of English Renaissance tragedy one of the decisive influences in the existence of a public that for the first time in history assumed the right to bring a king to justice Tragedy disentitled the absolute sovereign to all ethical and rational legitimation. Having deconsecrated the king, it thus made it possible to decapitate him (7-8). Rather than reinforcing the social order and legitimizing divine ordination, tragedy opened up the political elite to the possibility of human frailty. Renaissance tragedy can be defined as a violent series of events that is built upon the murder and revenge, concerning characters primarily motivated by jealousy, greed, and anger. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be of noble stature, and while his greatness is readily apparent, he is not perfect. Tragedies a lot concern th e aristocratic elite and thus personal tragedies extend to tragedies of state. The tone of the play is sombre, clearly relating the grief and sorrow of the characters themselves. This language of lamentation serves as a warning against the destructive potential of vice and depravity, and can be linked to the Medieval morality plays. Although the battlefront of other non-dramatic sources conceives a national tradition of tragedy which was established on the English give as early as 1587, with the performance of Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy. Both The Spanish Tragedy and Marlowes Tamburlaine, performed in the late 1580s, exhibit the beginnings of true Renaissance tragedy. Derived from the revenge plays of Seneca, The Spanish Tragedy is a play which satisfied the Aristotelian need for a binary model of moral order, which is complicated by the relations of individual justice to the social and divine order. Tamburlaine, however, moves away from the reductive moralising of earlier poe try and reflects the influence of the Reformation on the dramatic arts, as the theatre established a new place where human possibilities could be envisioned with new freedom. Marlowe is skillfuly aware that he is making the stage the vehicle of a new consciousnessOnely this (Gentlemen) we must performe, The form of Faustus fortunes good or bad. To patient Iudgements we appeale our plaude. (Marlowe, Faustus, 7-9)This appeal to the moral purpose of the play is misleading, for neither Faustus nor Tamberlaine are characters directed by their moral choices. Tamberlaine, it is arguable, is an agent of deity while at the same time exercising his free will with no apparent consequence. Marlowe appears to be addressing familiar issues of blasphemous defiance, tyranny, cruelty and arrogance in Tamburlaine, but ironically he presents these issues as the glory of the tragic hero. Unlike traditionalistic tragedies, there is no stable moral framework, with the result that the audience is left feeling uneasy with the divine implications of the heros downfall. Tamburlaine, rather than submit to his pre-ordained fate, boasts of his own dynamic powerI batch the Fates bound fast in yron chaines, And with my hand turne Fortunes wheel about (369-70)Fate and Fortune, two of the most conventional symbols of human limitation, are here manipulated by the hero not as a sign of his hubris, but rather as a heroic achievement. Marlowe uses this gross inversion as a reflection of the changing values in Renaissance society. As Stephen Greenblatt (1980) says, Marlowe writes in the period in which European man embarked on his extraordinary career of consumption, his eager pursuit of sack outledge, with one intellectual model after another seized, squeezed dry, and discarded, and his frenzied exhaustion of the worlds resources (199). The Enlightenment saw the questioning of fundamental assumptions about mans place in the world, a incertitude reflected in the ambiguous relation between t he tragic hero and his divinely ordained fate. C. L. Barber (1988) has commented on the way in which the audience engages with such fruitless individualism of the tragic hero, noting the role of the triumphal individual in the Renaissance and the significance of individualistic prophesying as a disruptive form of expression that challenged the pledge and legitimacy of the Church and state. Marlowe writes at a time of religious transition and new philosophical notions of self-consciousness, and appropriates religious language and symbolism to launch an attack on the Church. Tamburlaine rebels against divine, political and social order, and in doing so sets himself beyond limitation and definition, alwaiies moouing as the restles Spheares (876). Tamburlaines rebellion is an uneasy one, for there is no possibility of reconciliation and restoration of order. Theridama, the Chiefest passkey of Mycetes hoste, reveals this as he says Tamburlaine? A Scythian Shepheard, so imbelished With Natures pride, and richest furniture, His looks do menace heauen an dare the Gods What stronge enchantments tice my yielding soule? Won with they words, conquered with thy looks, I yield my selfe, my men horse to thee (350-52, 419, 423-4) freeing is here figured as one of two choices to reject the divine or to take it over. In Tamburlaines case, he alternatively threatens heaven and dares the gods, or claims identity operator with the divine to sanction his violence til by vision, or by speech I heare / Immortall Ioue say, Cease my Tamburlaine, / I will persist a terrour to the world (3873-75). Tamburlaine self-aggrandisement is given divine legitimacy Tamburlaine believes that his tyranny and martial lust are condoned through the gods through their silence.The two-part Tamburlaine is based on the historical figure of Timur, a blooming(a) conqueror of Asia, whose greed for power and extravagance culminates with his inevitable downfall. Tamburlaine deviates from the tragic norm in his depiction of the tragic hero Tamburlaine is not humbled by his dramatic fall, and no moral lesson is learned and repentance achieved. Tamburlaine does not conform to the model of the tragic hero set out in Poetics. The tragic hero is cursed to make a serious error which will cause his fall and tragic remainder, usually caused by hubris, or prideful arrogance, but he the Great Compromiser likeable to the audience for his inherent goodness. Tamburlaine, in note, is a character whose goodness is notably absent. In contrast the Aristotlean model, in which the tragic hero is noble from birth, Tamburlaine is an obnubilate Scythian shepherd in the opening of part 1. He quickly ascends through his bravery and his eloquent speech, and his ferocity on the battlefield. Tamburlaine sees himself as the scourge of God and even dreams of leading his armies in war against the divine army in heaven. In a scene in which Tamburlaine has defeated Cosroe, he responds to Cosroes demands for the reasons behind his treachery. Nature, that framd us of four elements Warring within our breasts for regiment, Doth teach us all to have aspiring minds Our souls, whose faculties can comprehend The wondrous architecture of the world, And measure any nomadic planets course, Still climbing after knowledge infinite, And always moving as the restless spheres, Wills us to wear ourselves and never rest, Until we reach the ripest fruit of all, That perfect cheer and sole felicity,The sweet fruition of an earthly crown. (I.iv. 13-29)With this final line Tamburlaine snatches the crown from dying Cosroes head and places it on his own head, assuming the power of divine legitimacy for himself. Reordering the humours as in constant opposition, rather than harmonious order, is to legitimize his own militaristic behaviour as part of the natural world. He is, in essence, creating himself out of nothing, as he became an emperor from a shepherd, and as such is taking over the divine role of creation. In doing so, he upsets the authority of the moral order, and even his death does not resolve the moral hierarchy. Thomas Heywoods A Woman Killed with Kindness (1603) is described as a domestic tragedy as it deals not with the tragic downfall of the elite, but on the relationship between a husband and wife. Domesticity is the theme of the play, and the language is correspondingly straightforward and unadorned. In contrast with tragedies such as Hamlet or Tamburlaine, Heywoods play does not concern the intrigues and actions of the aristocratic elite or ruling order. A Woman Killed with Kindness is a morality play, concerned with the infidelity of Anne and her likely punishment. She herself expects only death upon her husbands discovery of her affair Though I deserve a thousand thousand faithful More than you can inflict, yet, once my husband, For womanhood to which I am a shame, Though once an ornament even for His sake That hath redeemd our couls, mark not my looking N or hack me with your sword, but let me go Perfect and undeformed to my tomb. (xiii.94-100)Her opinion is born out by the tradition of revenge in tragedies as well as in contemporary practice indeed, by law husbands reserved the right to kill unfaithful wives (Powell 204). However, despite the clear Christian moralizing, Heywoods play departs drastically from the traditional structure of moral tragedy in that the tragic end of the main character results not from divine judgment and retribution, but from the effects of her wrongdoing on her own consciousness. Before the discovery of her betrayal by her husband, her guilt and remorse are apparent. You have tempted me to mischief, Master Wendoll I have done I know not what. Well, you plead custom That which for want of wit I granted erst I now must yield through fear. Come, come, lets in. Once oer shoes, we are straight oer head in sin (xi. 110-14)Her repentance is genuine, and carries forward her tragic end. Anne chooses to starve hers elf to death, thereby taking control both of her sin and her punishment. Heywood puts into dramatic form the punishment which arises from the erring characters consciousness of their guilt in the place of the punishment of an exterior physical revenge (Bowers 225). Annes emotional torment is meant as a lesson to the audience, and she makes of herself an exemplary figure, breaking away from the domestic thrust of the play towards the universal.Derived from the classical models of comedy and tragedy set out by Aristotle and envisaged by Seneca, Webseters The White daimon (1612) expands the classical tragic structure by adding elements associated with comedy ironic repetition, theatrical self-consciousness, and inverted tragic situations. There is a repeated pattern in The White Devil of serious action followed by parody, working to undermine the dramatic tradition of tragedy to create what would become the genre of tragicomedy. Tragicomedy is a distinctly non-Aristotelian genre in which the action and subject of the play demand a tragic ending, but this ending is denied in an ironic reversal which produces the happy ending of a traditional comedy. Aristotle did, in fact, depict a kind of tragedy with a happy ending, which would later become tragicomedy, but it was not until the Renaissance that the genre was seen as a legitimate dramatic form. In The White Devil, the Duke of Florence comments on the popular dislike of the classically inspired plays which strictly conform to the structure of tragedy and comedy My tragedy must have some idle mirth int, Else it will never pass (IV.i.119-20)The Dukes comment suggests that an increasingly demanding audience will no weeklong accept the single-minded classical plays of strict comedy or tragedy, but demand a sophistication of genre. The White Devil is not unique in its admission of tragicomedy, but it is treated as an expression of doubt about the tragic absolutes and as part of a critical soprano-vision.Incidents are repeated an parodied passim Websters play, and this system of parallels is used to undermine the tragic status of the patrician characters. In the final scene the tragic hero Flamineo acts out a grotesque illustration of his own death, which is ironically followed by real murder. The farcical ending is paralleled with the authentic tragic image. With its elaborate system of repetition and parody, its ironic contrasts between interpretations of events, and the insistence that every incident is intimately connected with other incidents, The White Devil emphasises the shifting values and ironic double-visions of tragicomedy into the tragic framework of aspiration, failure, and ultimately death, depicting the double standard of the new society. The action of the play is confined to the relatively narrow setting of Rome and the court at Padua, hinting to the world beyond that of stage. Critics have often found the number of characters in The White Devil problematic, citing difficul ties in staging a production with so many bodies on stage. However, John Russell Brown (1940) has called wariness to Websters power of using violent and crowded scenes for sudden and, therefore, striking manifestations of an individuals lies or hypocrisy, the variety of a busy trade of life (Brown 453). In the final act, the presence of so many members of the courtly society emphasises Flamineos fall from power, defining the extent of the competition for the Dukes favour and the uncertainty of Flamineos future now that his relationship with his master is ruined. As a young lord reports to Flamineo concerning Bracciano, A new vp-start one that swears like a Falckner, and will lye in the Dukes eare day by day like a maker of Almanacks (V.i. 138-9).The White Devil deals with private behaviour made public, and public behaviour motivated by questionable private interests. Vittorias trial reveals her illicit social occasion with Bracciano and the murderous consequences, but it is this p ublic censure which results in private revenge. In comparison with Shakespearean tragedies such as Hamlet, or classical tragedies such as Oedipus Rex, the play is extremely social and emphasises Websters preoccupation with the intertwined spheres of public probity and private corruption.The White Devil focuses on the individuals freedom of choice between good and evil, human dignity and the fall from grace, binaries which appear to conform to the traditional Christian morality. Lodovico is accused by Antonelli and Gasparo Worse then these, / You have acted certaine Murders here in Rome, / Bloody and full of horror (I.i.31-32), and Gasparo continues O my Lord / The law doth sometimes mediate, thinkes it good / Not ever to steepe violent sinnes in blood, / This gentle penance may both end your crimes, / And in the example better these bad times (I.i.33-37). Ludovico is presented a choice, but instead turns to criminality and revenge. His crimes have been presented, the possibility of reform and exoneration provided, and yet he wilfully chooses his course of conduct in spite of this. He exercises his free will, but unlike the Aristotelian tragic hero his destructive path is not redemptive in bringing out moral responsibility. The conclusion of The White Devil is ambiguous, fulfilling the catastrophic ending required of tragedy but without the suggestion of the noblesse and greatness of man. Flamineo dies in despair of his worldly goods, wealth and advancement rather than in despair of his worthiness before God. There is the possibility of Flamineo accepting moral responsibility directly before his death as he reflects, While we looke up to heaven wee confound / Knowledge with knowledge (V.vi.259-60), and yet straight before this he said , I doe not looke / Who went before, nor who shall follow mee / Noe, at my self I will begin and end (V.vi.256-58). Although the play ends with the death of the tragic hero, as tradition dictates, this is not the satisfactory en ding of classical tragedies. There is no remorse, no retraction of arrogance and greed in the face of the divine. As A.L. Kistner (1993) wondered, Where does it lie in the triumph of will, in grabbing for every expression of self that this world has to offer or in the calm discipline of continence for a higher picture of man? (267). Webster leaves the audience with an unsatisfactory portrait of free choice and the capacity for moral responsibility. The emergence in the 1580s of an Elizabethan tragic tradition which manipulated the limitations of classical generic boundaries points toward the developing self-consciousness of a modern culture. As evidenced in such works as Tamburlaine and The White Devil, the theatre was the site of an evolving culture in conflict with the older, traditional forms of expression. Marlowe, Webster and Heywood used the stage for the assertion and defense of an ego which was constantly threatened by powerful forces of impulse and conscience, forces w hich they coped with as best as they could by making them conscious, by finding a form for them which would command social understanding and the control of shared social attitudes (Barber 37). The new tragic genre was a way of registering an experience of change and dislocation, a shift from the Classical tradition of moral order and stability.Works CitedAristotle, (1953) Aristotle on the Art of Fiction an English translation of Aristotles Poetics. Trans. by L. J. Potts. Cambridge University of Cambridge Press.Barber, C. L. (1988) Creating Elizabethan Tragedy the theatre of Marlowe and Kyd. clams The University of Chicago Press.Bowers, F. T. (1940) Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy 1587-1642. Princeton Princeton University Press.Brown, J. R. (1962) Theater look into and the Criticism of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries Shakespeare Quarterly, 13Falco, R. (2000) Charismatic Authority in Early Modern English Tragedy. Baltimore and London Johns Hopkins University Press.Goldberg, D. (1987) Between Worlds A study of the plays of John Webster, Wilfrid Laurier University Press.Greenblatt, S. (1985) unperceivable Bullets Renaissance Authority and Its Subversion, Henry IV and Henry V in J. Dollimore and A. Sinfield, (eds.), Political Shakespeare New Essays in Cultural Materialism , pp. 18-47. Manchester Manchester University Press. - (1980) Renaissance Self-Fashioning from More to Shakespeare. Chicago Chicago University Press.Heywood, T. (1973) An Apology for Actors (1612). New York Garland. (1961) A Woman Killed with Kindness. R. W. Van Fossen (ed). London Mentheun Co.Kistner, A.L. and Kistner, M.K (1993) Free Choice in The White Devil English Studies, 74, no. 3 258-267Marlowe, C. (1993) Doctor Faustus. D. Bevington and E. Rasmussen (eds). Manchester Manchester University Press. -(1995) Tamburlaine. D. Bevington and E. Rasmussen (eds). Oxford, New York Oxford University Press.Moretti, F. (1982) A Huge Eclipse Tragic Form and the Deconsecration of Sovereignty, in The P ower of Forms in the English Renaissance, S. Greenblatt (ed). Norman, Oklahoma Pilgrim Books.Powell, C.L. (1917) English Domestic traffic 1487-1653. New York Columbia University Press.Sidney, P. (1971) An Apologie for Poetrie. New York De Capo Press.Webster, J. (1983) The Selected Play of John Webster. J. Dollimore and A. Sinfield (eds). Cambridge Cambridge University Press.

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview

divisioning Of Barbiturates Overview sodium thiopental is an antiepileptic drug which is utilise to report epilepsy. Absorbance quantifys at different slow-wittedness of phenobarbital hatful be used to plot a calibration graph which in turns can be used to find the concentration of purple heart in essential phase at different pH by using the gradient of the graph. From there, the concentration of phenobarbitone in sedimentary phase can be determined and hence can find the partition coefficient (P). Ptrue of phenobarbitone can be determined with the heading of the value of Papp and fu of phenobarbitone (acid). % ionization of phenobarbitone at different pH can also be calculated by knowing its pKa and this in turns can be used to determine the lipophilicity of phenobarbitone. % extr morselion of phenobarbitone will also determine how well does phenobarbitone passes through the organic phase (biological membrane in the body) at different pH.Phenobarbitone is a barbiturate use d in the treatment of epilepsy. It helps to reduce seizure frequency and severity and may even stop seizures altogether. 1 phenobarbital works by acting on GABA receptors that in turn increase synaptic inhibition. This because increases the seizure threshold, hence reducing the number of seizures occurring. 2)Phenobarbitone is the longest acting barbiturate. It is an acidic crystalline social organisation which has pka value 7.4, hence it is significantly ionized at ph values over 6. Lowering the pH of the solution reduces ionization. 4 According to Phenobarbitone structure, it has 2 hydrogen bond donors and 3 hydrogen bond receptors and the solubility of Phenobarbitone in water supply is 1g in 1000mL (0.1% w/v). It has low lipid solubility compared with other barbiturate. Thus it has slow onset action and longer half life.This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of ionisation of phenobarbitone by measuring the fall that was extracted into n-octanol from the sedimentary phases of different pH values. The results collected were then used to find the concentration of the drug at sense of balance and since the pKa of the drug and the pH of the solution are known, the true partition co-efficient for phenobarbtione can be calculated. 3 Partition coefficient (P) is the ratio of concentration of drug in n-octanol phase divided by concentration of drug in sedimentary phase. A high partition co-efficient implies that the drug is highly lipophilic. 5The rule used in this experiment is the shake-flask method (the most accurate measurement method). The drug, in this case phenobarbitone, is allowed to equilibrate between the NaOH solution and the n-octanol and then the concentration in both layers are been determined. 5 Since the total amount of barbiturate present in the 0.5M NaOH (which is extracted from the octanol) is known, and the UV analysis gives the amount of phenobarbitone in the octanol layer at equilibrium, we can calculate the weight left in the sedimentary phase and hence the concentration of drug in distributively phase at equilibrium. pKa is important to determine the true partition coefficient for the barbiturate. The disadvantage for shake-flask is that it is only utilize to the unionize drug which most drugs are acids or bases and are ionised in biological systems.Experimental0.02% w/v phenobarbitone in water was been provided as the stock solution. Using the stock solution, 50g mL-1 solution in 0.5M NaOH Solution A and a 50g mL-1 solution in water Solution B were been prepared.(a) standardization StandardsA range of calibration standards each containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 g mL-1 of the phenobarbitone in 0.5M NaOH were prepared using Solution A. The wavelength of maximum absorbance (max) at about 254nm was then determined using the 30 g mL-1 standard. The absorbance of each standard at the max was read using 0.5M NaOH as the blank. A calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration for the phen obarbiturate was then constructed using the absorbance readings obtained.(b) Partitioning SamplesSix partitioning funnels were filled as the followingi) 10mL Solution B, 10mL 0.1M HCl, and 20mL n-octanolii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 6.6 buffer, and 20mL n-octanoliii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanoliv) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.4 buffer, and 20mL n-octanolv) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 8.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanolvi) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 9.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanolThe funnels were shaken at frequent intervals for 30 minutes to allow the layers to separate richly. The organic layer was then been guardedly ran off into a second separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M NaOH was then added to the octanol and shaken for 5 minutes, allowing the layers to separate. The absorbance of the aqueous (bottom) layer was then measured by using the max determined previously in (a). The concentration of the phenobarbitone in the 0.5M NaOH was calculated using the calibration c urve.DiscussionIn partition chromatography, molecules move from one phase to another via still diffusion, i.e. the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration area without any facilitating factor. However, charged molecules are unable to move down the concentration gradient via this route. Partition chromatography of phenobarbitone mimics the movement of phenobarbitone a elude the biological membrane, i.e. the movement of phenobarbitone from aqueous phase, 50g mL-1 phenobarbitone in water, to organic phase, octanol. Its chemical structure shows that there is a long hydrocarbon chain attached to the ring structure which contributes to its lipophilicity. The more lipophilic the drug, the more efficiently it is absorbed into the organic phase.Glass separating funnels were used to avoid absorption of lipophilic drug into the container. 30 minutes after the layers are left to separate fully, the aqueous layer is carefully ran off, leaving the organic layer in the se parating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, NaOH is then added to the organic layer to separate the mixture into two immiscible layers again. This is possible because phenobarbitone is a weak acid, it reacts with the pertly added base, NaOH to form aqueous phase. The concentration of phenobarbitone in the aqueous phase is then determined using a UV spectrophotometer.From Table 1.6, at pH 1.1, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase is highest,4.392 X 10-4 g whereas at pH 9.0, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase tag its lowest at 2.800 X 10-4 g. This proves that the drug is most lipophilic at low pH as it is a weak acid and is unionised at low pH, so more able to cross into the octanol layer. Meanwhile, at pH 9.0, most of the drug is retained in the aqueous phase in its ionised form and hence unable to cross into the octanol phase as it cannot be passively diffused.As shown in Table 1.7 and Graph 2.0, the higher the pH, more of the drug present is ionised and v ice versa. Starting from pH 1.1, the percentage of phenobarbitone ionised in the aqueous phase increased slowly up to pH 6.6, followed by a steep increase from pH 6.6 to pH 8.0, and further increase less steeply from pH 8.0 to pH 9.0. As for Graph 2.0, a slow decrease is observed from pH 1.1 to pH 7.0, a steep decrease from pH 7.0 to pH 7.4, followed by a gradual decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 9.0.Partition coefficient, P is the ratio of a drugs concentration in the octanol phase to its concentration in the aqueous phase at equilibrium with each other. A high P value hence denotes a high drug concentration in organic phase. From the results, a high P obtained at low pH proves that phenobarbitone is a highly lipophilic drug, capable of crossing lipophilic membranes in the body.From the results section, Ptrue value at pH 1.1 is 7.74, whereas the lit value is 1.4. The comparison is made at pH 1.1 because phenobarbitone is present in its unionised form at low pH. However, the Ptrue value is much higher than the literature value. This could be due to errors that occurred during the experiment, e.g. parallax error while pipetting the stock solution, and accidentally ran off some of the organic phase while running off the aqueous phase, cause undetermined potential weight loss of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. It could also be due to insufficient time allowed for phenobarbitone to diffuse from the aqueous phase into the organic phase.Studies revealed that the peak plasma concentration is reached 0.5 to 4 hours following an oral administration partition chromatography mimics the diffusion of drug across biological membrane, and then requires at least 30 minutes to reach peak plasma concentration of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. However, in the experiment, the partition was stopped at 30 minutes, not allowing more time for the mixture to separate fully. As octanol was added into the separating funnels at different times, they could not be stopped at the same time. The aqueous (bottom) layers were then run off starting from the funnel where octanol was added the earliest to the latest. The time taken to run off the aqueous phase varies as the volume of aqueous phase varies from funnel to funnel, which may have resulted in different times for each funnel to separate and hence more complete separation in the later mixtures.The lipophilicity of phenobarbitone contributes to its absorption into the octanol phase. Likewise, it is readily absorbed across biological membranes in the body, e.g. stomach wall, cell membrane and blood-brain barrier. Phenobarbitone is administered orally it is rapidly and fully bioavailable after oral administration as phenobarbitone is unionised in acidic environment. At pH 1.1, 87.84% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the organic phase. This signifies that 87.84% of phenobarbitone is able to cross the stomach wall into the systemic circulation. The absorption is expected to decrease with the increase of pH val ue down the gastrointestinal tract the unionised fraction is smaller in the small intestine but has longer intraluminal dwell time and hence increasing absorption.Being lipophilic, phenobarbitone crosses biological membranes readily, more preferably at low pH environment, into the bloodstream and around the body via systemic circulation and then distributed throughout the interstitial fluid. However, about 50% of the drug is bound to plasma protein, therefore neither able to travel across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid nor is it able to be metabolised by the liver. From Table 1.8, at pH 7.4, 70.72% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the octanol layer. take for granted 50% is protein-bound it can then be assumed that only about 35.36% of phenobarbitone would reach the brain at physiological pH 7.4.Elimination is a mechanism the body utilises to rid drug, xenobiotics and waste products from the body and plasma, mainly by the kidney and the liver. The normal p H of urine ranges from pH 4.5 to pH 7.5. Phenobarbitone being lipophilic and protein-binding has a slow elimination its lipophilicity prevents it from being filtered by the glomerulus, unless metabolised in the liver into a less lipophilic metabolite. However, 25% of phenobarbitone is still excreted in its unionised form via passive tubular secretion. This route of excretion is exaggerated when urine is alkaline or when the urine volume is increased, i.e. via forced diuresis.ConclusionAs phenobarbitone is used in treatment of epilepsy, it needs to possess the characteristics and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier into the motor cortex to exert its depressant effect. From the partition chromatography carried out, it is evident that phenobarbitone is readily absorbed into the body across biological membranes due to phenobarbitones lipophilic nature. It is also widely distributed in the body fluid, including the cerebrospinal fluid where it can act on the motor cortex. As for eli mination, approximately 75% of the drug is metabolised by the liver before being excreted, but 25% is excreted as unionised molecules by passive tubular secretion in the kidneys. In conclusion, phenobarbitone has a relatively fast onset of action, hence it is deemed suitable to be administered via the oral route for the treatment of epilepsy.

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays research papers fc

Julius Caesars legacy and attributes are just as robust today as they were in his time. From the time he took powerfulness to the time of his goal he accomplished more than many other men would have done in a lifetime. He brought the Roman Empire to its height and from his death on, the Empire did nothing but f all. He was one of the worlds greatest leaders and probably the best.At the age of 15 Caesar became head of his family when his bring died in 85bc. His family wanted him to pursue a religious career as the priest of Jupiter but Caesar had other plans. He wanted to dive head broad into a political career. He took maters into his own hands when in 84bc he married Cornelia the daughter of one of Romes stronger leaders at the time, Cornelius Cinna (Schlesinger 30).Cinna took power in 82bc when Romes leader at the time Gaius Marius died. Marius was married to Caesars Aunt Julia. Marius was killed in battle with one of his great enemies Sulla. Soon aft(prenominal) this battl e Sulla died also, but he still had many allies. Marius had let Caesar help him while he was leader by doing small jobs. Caesar gained much develop while helping out Marius.When Caesar was 25 he set sail for the island of Rhodes. But, on the way a band of pirates captured the ship and kidnapped him. While his family was raising exchange money he was a very difficult guest for the pirates. He strolled boldly around their ship and pointed out weaknesses in their sword fighting proficiency and told them he would kill them all after he was released. They were entertained by this young man but did not believe the threat (Green 19). His family finally salaried his ransom. Soon after it was paid, Caesar learned that the government was not going to take action and pursue the pirates. Caesar took matters into his own hands. He organized a fleet of ships, captured the pirates and crucified their full-length gang. The news of this spread quickly, and Caesar was both admired and criticized for acting so quickly. By age 30, Caesar was making Sullas allies very worried. But 30 was not too young for a roman so full of ambition. In 69bc, Caesar was serving as governor in farther Spain, administering Roman laws to Spanish tribes and subduing those who resisted. He went to go see the statue of Alexander the Great in the city of Cadiz. Alexander was a leader who had conquered much of the world by the age of 30. Caes... ... he died, it is amazing to think of all that he accomplished in his life. Also it is amazing to think of all that he could have accomplished if he had lived. His legacy lived on through Octavius, who named himself emperor of Rome and like all roman emperors that followed he took the name of Caesar. If he had stayed alive the Roman Empire could have conquered all of the Eastern Hemisphere. Rome defiantly benefited from him. Rome was the most powerful nation at the time and would have stayed that way for much longer if Julius Caesar had not been murdered. w hole shebang CitedGreen, Robert. Julius Caesar. New York. Franklin watts publishing company, 1996May, Robin. Julius Caesar and the Romans. East Sussex. Wayland publishing, 1984Schlesinger, Arthur M. Caesar. Boston. Chelsea house publishers, 1987Suetonius. The lives of the 12 Caesars. Willamstown, MA. Corner house publishers, 1987Blooming, Mike H. Hero or Villain 6 April, 1995

Online Marketing :: Marketing

1- Paper Free MarketingA very effective form of direct marketing is email marketing which uses electronic mail to appoint a sales pitch to potential customers. Hundreds of millions of dollars are spent on electronic mail marketing each year in the United States alone. Marketers naturalize diligently to develop a mailing list of customers they puke send mail to repeatedly without incurring the cost of printed newsletters or traditional direct mail. The sales pitch time is often just a few seconds or minutes compared with the days it takes the post office to deliver a piece of mail. Email is idea free making it attractive to environmentalists and conservationists. 2- Professional MarketingSometimes an email campaign sent by a novice is considered spam and deleted at once by the pass catcher. Professional email marketing services can provide effective campaigns that entice potential customers with quality newsletters, testimonials and other marketing materials. A unassailable se rvice has the most current development features available to help you through every step of the process. They will provide many templates from which to choose or they may guide you through importing your own HTML page. They will help you add images, sound, background images and attachments for a polished professional look. Another big benefit to using an online service is the ability to track the emails. 3- Social NetworkingWeb based marketing tools may be the perfect email marketing solution to fuck off your business and increase sales. Even beginning marketers will benefit from user friendly email development methods. New ideas are always on the sensible horizon such as email social sharing. Social networks are a gold mine for a business person who effectively shares his email on these sites. You are able to get the information in front of hundreds if not thousands more people on the social sites. Using the opt-in mailing list you can develop a loyal following for your newslet ter or other promotional items. You can even get reports on who opened the emails or only when deleted them. 4- Increasing Online Sales There are many ways to advertise your business, and direct email marketing is very effective for increasing web business and online sales. Advertisements for your product are sent to a targeted list of clients through email. Attractive and compelling ads do not give the impression of being spam, so the recipient is more likely to take a look and possibly make a purchase. The sender is able to track the metrics of his campaign such as how many emails were actually opened, how many messages bounced and how many requested removal.

The Enduring Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay -- Biography

The Enduring Hero in the Works of Ernest Hemingway In his vast collection of masterpieces, Ernest Hemingway uses his own characteristics to throttle a moral commandment for his various heroes. This sportsman like code is based on the admiration of the physical virtues of courage and endurance. While not necessary for sustaining society, the code conforms the characters to one set of characteristics (McCaffery 237). One key element of this code is stoic endurance in the face of calamity. Hemingways code heroes posses a grin-and-bear it attitude even in the most frightening of tragedies and bounce back seemingly unaffected (McCaffery 237). Often Hemingway tests the moral of the character in confrontations with death, which frequently directs his plots to violent situations. The very idea of living in Hemingways chimerical world is a test of endurance, but through his cod heroes he portrays the idea that perseverance through tragedy will result in triumph. From an earliest age Hemingway was a rugged, enduring boy with an insatiable desire for action. The father gave him his first fishing rod when Ernest was not yet three years centenarian an his first shotgun when he was ten(McCaffery 45). In his school years he had a strong competitive spirit and a burning bid to excel. At the age of fourteen, Hemingway persuaded his father to pay for boxing lessons. On the first day he sparred with young AHearn, a middleweight training for his next fight, and Hemingway was quickly knocked agglomerate with a bloody nose. Hemingway responded to the question of why he fought by saying I wasnt that scared (McCaffery 45). After graduation he was rejected from the army because of an injure eye. He endured this minor setback and signed up as a Red Cross a... ...aker, Carlos. Hemingway the Writer as Artist. Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1973. Walter, Caterway. Catherines Role in A valediction to Arms. Rpt in Harold Bloom Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms. Broomall, Pennsylvania Chelsea House Publishers, 1996. Geismar, Maxwell. Writers in Crisis the American Novel, 1925-1940. Boston, Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin, 1961. Gellens, Jay. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Farewell to Arms. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-Hall, 1970. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1957. _____. In Our Time. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1970. _____. The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories. New York Collier Books, 1961. McCaffery, John. Ernest Hemingway the Man and His Works. New York Cooper Square Publishers, 1969.