Role of Cricket in Australia during the 1930s

Introduction Since historical times, sporting activities have played a significant role in human society. Games have been used for enjoyment purposes by the community. Sports have also been used to promote social cohesion since they serve as a platform for the community to come together and interact as they play or support their teams.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Cricket in Australia during the 1930s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nations have also used sporting activities as a political tool. Through international sporting competitions, nations have cemented their bonds with each other or enhanced their international image. In the Nineteenth century, sports played a crucial role in Australian Society. Specifically, Cricket, which grew to become the national sport, played a significant role in the Australia during the period of 1930s. Historians consider the early 1930s as the highest point in Austr alian cricket. This is the period when Australian test cricket achieved some of its most remarkable through legendary players such as Don Bradman. This paper will argue that cricket played a significant role in Australia during the 1930s. The paper will illustrate how the game influenced the social and political aspects of Australian society and played a role in the development of a national identity. History of Cricket in Australia Cricket was introduced to Australia in the eighteenth century by British settlers. This early introduction was greatly influenced by the popularity of the sport in the English motherland. Macintyre (2004) observes that for the early British settler, playing cricket in the alien and seemingly hostile continent served as a way of creating â€Å"Englishness† in the Antipodes and establishing some sense of normalcy (Molony, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The impact of Britain in Australia’s early cricket can be seen from the fact that the first cricket clubs in Australia adopted English names and the constitutions used by these clubs were copied word for word from the English cricket constitutions. The rules of the game were also similar to those of England and the early players were primarily Anglo Saxon. Cricket was promoted in Australia as a superior game because of its English associations (Harte, 1993). The sport was presented as a manly game that assisted in building character. It also expressed the deep bonds of empire between Australia and Britain. While originally considered the most â€Å"English of English Games† by Australians, Cricket evolved into a national and distinctively Australian game by the 1930s. The Australians were able to embrace the game and give it a local taste (Harte, 1993). Unlike in England where the game was mostly played by middle class gentlemen, Australian cricket was open to all members of the society (Connell Irving, 1980). The game became an obsession for many Australians who played the game in their towns and villages and followed the matches of their national team religiously. In spite of the evolution of a uniquely Australian cricket in the country, the mark of imperialism and Anglo dominance remained. Role of Cricket in the 1930s Cricket was by far the most popular sport in Australia during the period of 1930s. The sport was used as a pastime activity by many individuals and cricket clubs emerged throughout the colony. The national team was in its best form and it held many high profile matches with teams from other countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Cricket in Australia during the 1930s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australians citizens followed the progress of their national team and took great pride in its achievements. Due to this prominence of cricket, it influenced a number of areas in Australia Society. Political Influence Cricket in the 1930s served as the lens through which the changing relationship between Australia and its mother country Britain was viewed. As a British colony, Australia had traditionally played a secondary role to Britain. However, the 1930s were characterized by rising nationalistic sentiments among the Australians. Australian politicians wanted to establish an international image that was divorced from their Britain dependence. Cricket provided a potent means for achieving this and demonstrating Australian sovereignty. In the 1930s, Australia had not yet existed officially as a nation. Twomey (2011) reveals that Australia was a British colony until sometime after 1931 when the country became an independent nation. The politicians in the country constantly used cricket to announce to the world that Australia was an independent and successful country. Wagg (2005) documents that using the figures of cricket stars such as Victor Trumper, Bradman, Keith Miller, and Alan Border; the political elite were able to create the vision of a glorious history and a unified and triumphant nation. Cricket affected the diplomatic relations between England and Australia in the early 1930s. The game led to the development of bitter disputes between Australia and England. This dispute led to a brief deterioration in the relationship between Australia and England. The dispute surrounded the use of highly dangerous tactics by the English cricket team in their attempt to defeat the world’s greatest batman, Australia’s Donald Bradman (Cathcart, 1988). The England captain, Douglas Jardine devised a tactic to deal with the threat of the Australian superior batting.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This tactic, referred to as bodyline, engaged the issuing of fast, short-pitched deliveries directly on a line with the batsman’s body. This tactic was meant to put at risk the safety of the Australian batsman, and therefore prompt him to defend himself and hopefully deflect the ball via bat or glove. The method was highly effective and the visiting English team achieved success in the 1932 match against Australia. However, the method led to the serious injury of the Australian wicketkeeper, Bert Oldfield who was struck on the head by a ball leading to a fractured skull. The controversy over the bodyline technique upset the friendly relations that existed between the two countries as Australians protested against the unsportsmanlike conduct of the English team. Cricket influenced the political scenes of the 1930s by bringing together political antagonists. By the 1930s, Australian cricket had become recognisably Australian and it was regarded as the national sport. The sport had supporters from all sections of Australian society. Cricket had powerful supporters in the political field with the dominant Labour Party leader John Curtin and the Leader of the Opposition, Dr. Evatt being strong supporters of the sport. Cricket assisted in the mending of relationships between politicians who were great antagonists. Stoddart and Sandiford (1998) declare that the deep involvement in cricket by rival politicians helped them establish a common ground and cultivate a good relationship in spite of their differing political perspectives. The unifying action of cricket therefore contributed to the amicable relationship enjoyed by some of Australia’s politicians in the 1930s. Cricket played a role in Australia’s quest to challenge Britain’s global supremacy. Throughout the eighteenth century and much of the nineteenth century, Britain acted as the global power exerting her influence on a global scale. Australia had been a British Colony and Imperia l tendencies were strong in the relationship between the two nations. The British motherland acted as the authority in politics, military, and economics. Her value system was regarded as the standard for the modern world. Bateman (2013) records that the post World War I Australian Test victories were problematic for the British establishment, which was anxious that the Empire and its value system should retain hegemony in a global context (Armstrong, Thompson, 2005). The British Empire had long used athleticism as an expression of its superiority and power in a global context. The humiliating home defeat suffered by England at the hands of Australia in 1930 led to an embattlement of the British establishment’s value system. Cricket helped Australia to assert her growing dominance in worldwide affairs. Social Influence Cricket helped to enhance the social cohesion of Australians in the 1930s. At this point in time, the global community was experiencing the effects of the great depression. Many Australians had suffered from severe loss of investments while many more had lost their sources of livelihood. Bateman (2013) documents that at the height of the Depression, Australia was suffering over 30% unemployment and widespread and intense social deprivation. Cricket served as a source of hope and inspiration for Australians at a time of great economic difficulty. Ward (2009) documents that for many Australians, the woes of the Depression could be forgotten for a while as they cheered their team during the Melbourne Cup or talked about their sporting hero Don Bradman (Blackman Chapman, 2004). Stories of the extraordinary performances of the Australian team at Test series’ against major cricket nations such as England inspired thousands of Australians. Due to the heartening role that cricket played, some historians go as far as to credit the game with helping to prevent social unrest during the 1930s (Bateman, 2013). Cricket served a great moral purpo se for the Australian society during the 1930s. As has been noted, the early 1930s were plagued by financial difficulties. The late 1930s witnessed the outbreak of the devastating Second World War. In this tumultuous decade, cricket made a significant contribution to the happiness of Australians. When talking about the great contribution by cricket to Australian society, the politician and great cricket enthusiast Dr. H.V. Evatt declared that â€Å"cricket has no equal in its sustained contribution to the happiness of our countrymen. In the bleakest months memories of the great Test and the great cricketers were often a solace, always holding out a sure and certain hope for the future† (Evatt, 1949, p. 1). Cricket served to create a sense of equality in the Australian nation. In Britain, cricket was a sport for the middle and upper class gentlemen and few lower class Britons were involved in the sport. This class restriction was shattered in Australian cricket. From its early days, Australian cricket was egalitarian in nature and it was played in cities as well as the countryside. The sport attracted men of different social standings; from gentlemen in society to mean of trade. The game attracted male players from a variety of social backgrounds and regions therefore presenting an image of equality in Australia. The impressive Cricket performance by Australian teams in the 1930s promoted the widespread development of mass media in Australia. While mass media means such as newspapers were already established in Australia by the 1930s, the reach of these outlets was not very expansive. Cricket created a demand for news as Australians wanted to follow the exploits of their national team. Newspapers provided people with extensive coverage of the game and numerous commentaries were published on the sport. Mandle (1973) reveals that local newspapers printed commentaries written by Britain commentators to the British audience. These commentaries often derided the achievements of the Australian team. The new technology of radio also emerged as an efficient means of disseminating news of cricket. Households invested in radios in order to listen to live commentaries of the games featuring the Australian teams. Cricket was used to demonstrate the superiority of new technological and industrial processes. Sports have always been characterized by the probability of human error. Players are expected to make mistakes during their games and this unreliability contributes to the unpredictability of game results. In the 1930s, the Australian cricket legend, Donald Bradman demonstrated the greater efficiency of routine and mechanical playing. The renowned newspaper columnist Neville Cardus asserted that â€Å"Bradman was the summing-up of the Efficient Age which succeeded the Golden Age† (Cardus, 1940, p.42). Bradman’s flawless technique represented a new age of machine efficiency and he therefore became a signifier of the contemporary dominance of new technology and industry in Australia. National Identify Cricket played a major role in reaffirming the racial equality of the White Australians to the whites in the Britain motherland. In the 19th century, there was fear that the Australian environment had an effect on the Whites. Specifically, there was a feeling that White Australians were inferior to Britons due to their long isolation from the motherland. Cricket played an integral role in reassuring the national psyche of their â€Å"British-ness† (Mandle, 1973). Colonial cricketing victories reinforced the notion that British blood still flowed strong in the white Australian’s veins. Contests against England held great significance as deep nationalism sentiments developed in Australia. The country was attempting to define its identity as a nation and the game of cricket presented a means through which this could be achieved. Many Australians regarded a victory by their national team against Engl and as proof that Australia was a greater force than the older country, Britain (Mallett, 2000). Cricket victory was synonymous with political, military, and even artistic superiority to England. The superb performance of the Australian teams throughout the 1930s was seen as a demonstration of Australian excellence by countrymen and politicians. The 1930s was a period of great growth and achievement for Australian cricket. The brilliance of individual cricketers such as Bradman, Gregory, and McDonald led to many successes by the Australian team (Evatt, 1949). Cricket in the 1930s served as a vehicle for an emerging Australian inter-colonial unity. The sport served to diminish the inter-colonial jealousies that had plagued Australia at the turn of the nineteenth century. Stoddart and Sandiford (1998) assert that the success of the Australian team against the motherland provided a â€Å"symbol of what national co-operation could achieve – the best example of Federation yetâ₠¬  (p. 44). By being able to match and beat the best English teams, Australia was able to demonstrate to its citizens and the international community the positive results of national cooperation. Discussion The 1930s marked the best times in Australian Cricket and the decade was marked by momentous achievements of the Australian national team. This led to a cementing of cricket as the national sport. Over the decades, cricket has established itself as the cornerstone sport in Australian culture. Australians revere this sport with the past victories being remembered and celebrated. However, the significance of cricket in the country has not grown through the decades. Wagg (2005) laments that in spite of being the national sport, cricket has failed to attract new communities in present day Australia. Majority of the sport’s enthusiasts are Anglo-Saxon and the participation rates in the sport have been declining through the decade. Conclusion This paper set out to discuss the r ole that cricket played in Australia during the 1930s. The paper began by articulating the importance of sporting activities in modern society. It then proceeded to offer a historical overview of the conditions of Cricket in Australia. The paper has discussed how Australia was able to take up the English sport cricket, and develop it into a national and distinctively Australian game. It then highlighted how the 1930s were a special time for Australia cricketing. The paper demonstrated that during this period, the sport had gained enormous popularity and Australia had one of the strongest teams in the world. A discussion of the significant political influence that the game had in this period has been offered. The paper has also highlighted the huge social influence exerted by the sport. However, the sport has faced a decline in popularity over the decades and it no longer holds the sway it did in the 1930s. Given this trend, it is hard to envision cricket regaining the prominence it had in the 1930s and having as huge a social and political influence as it had in that decade. References Armstrong, G., Thompson, P. (2005). Melbourne Cup 1930: How Phar Lap won Australia’s Greatest Race. NSW: Allen and Unwin. Bateman, A. (2013). Cricket Literature and Culture: Symbolising the Nation Destabilising Empire. Sydney: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Blackman, J., Chapman, B. (2004). The Value of Don Bradman: Additional Revenue in Australian Ashes Tests. Economic Papers, 23 (2), 369–85. Cardus, N. (1940). The Golden Age of Cricket. Popular Culture, 9 (4), 41-50. Cathcart, M. (1988). Defending the National Tuckshop: Australia’s Secret Army Intrigue of 1931. Adelaide: McPhee Gribble. Connell, R.W., Irving, T.H. (1980). Class Structure in Australian History. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1980. Evatt, V.E. (1949). Cricket and the British Commonwealth. Web. Harte, C. (1993). A History of Australian Cricket. London: Andre Deutsch. Macintyre, S. (2004). A Concise History of Australia. Cambridge and Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Mallett, A. (2000). Bradman’s Band. Queensland: Univ. of Queensland Press. Mandle, W. F. (1973). Cricket and Australian Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 59 (4), 225-46. Molony, J. (2005). Australia: Our Heritage. Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing. Stoddart, B., Sandiford, K.A. (1998). The Imperial Game: Cricket, Culture and Society Studies in Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Twomey, A. (2011). We only became independent of Britain on this day in 1986. Web. Wagg, S. (2005). Cricket and National Identity in the Postcolonial Age: Following On. NY: Routledge. Ward, T. (2009). Sports images in a time of turmoil 1910-40. Soccer Society, 10 (5), 614-630. This essay on Role of Cricket in Australia during the 1930s was written and submitted by user Jamal Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

6 Star Wars Characters You’ll Find in Your Office

6 Star Wars Characters You’ll Find in Your Office Star Wars is a widely popular Sci-Fi classic with larger than life characters. But did you know that pretty much every office ever has people who resemble these characters?  Here  are some of the classic characters you can likely find without ever leaving your  cubicle. 1. The Chewbacca  He’s the guy who uses every excuse to grow a beard and avoid shaving. It’s Movember. It’s the playoffs. It’s Tuesday.2. The Darth VaderDeep in the recesses of your office, there’s an executive so mysterious, so powerful, that his emails keep everyone in line without a peep. Did those interns really go back to school at the end of the summer, or did they run afoul of the Dark Side?3. The C-3POIf you ask this guy why company policy says you’re not allowed to keep a space heater at your desk, expect a long-winded lecture about building circuitry and OSHA regulations. At a social event, this is the person who will happily spend an hour telling you intrica te details about his fantasy baseball stats.4. The Obi-Wan KenobiThis person has been there so long that she has become the default oracle for all things that happened at least two company name changes ago. And if you ask nicely, she can tell you why that weird company policy has been around since 1994.5. The YodaYou email with a straightforward yes/no question, you get back a formal letter with 15 rhetorical questions, 3 anecdotes, and at least one invitation to do discuss the matter further on the phone.6. The Han SoloThis hotshot is the first to complain that there are too many meetings and nothing gets done. He threatens to quit at least once a week, but is always there come Monday morning.

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value Essay

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value added contribute towards understanding the connections betwee - Essay Example Since value makes the business propositions necessary to understand, it is imperative that emphasis on deriving value is always given the priority to achieve significant results. It will set the ball rolling in the right direction and ask of the stakeholders to believe in the premise of delivering value for the sake of the business and product markets. This paper studies the basis of value and how it is deemed as a very vital ingredient of any organization in this day and age. It also touches upon the aspects of calculating value added for the business industry and the manner under which distinctive actions and behaviors come about. This is so needed because it resolves the ambiguities involved with the connections that exist between the business and their product markets in different locations of the world. How value is added remains a very pivotal topic that one needs to comprehend. What this suggests is the fact that value should always be seen as an element which is being given t he fundamental basis by the organizational middle management as well as top tier. This is so done to make sure that the priorities are set on a solid footing and that there are no areas where a missing link exists. To calculate the real basis of value, one needs to focus on the gap that comes about when there is a problem related with making a profit within the business and product market contexts. ... Any business that exists in essence does its best to create value for everyone. Now how this value is deciphered by different entities is another point that must be understood. This value is for the overall comprehension of the people who are either the stakeholders of its different processes or the ones who will produce results. Value is an inherently positive factor which will bring in the goodwill of the people and give the company the mileage that it direly requires. What is most significant under such settings is an adherence towards doing things for the sake of the people for whom the business is in existence in the first place. It will set the basis for achieving a number of tasks and objectives, all under the discipline of value creation and strategic success. When value is derived from determinants of success, there is more reason why stakeholders should expect the fruits of labor coming in for the sake of the organization. This is apparent in the case of many organizations today that are making giant efforts to reach out to the people who can bring in value for the sake of all the stakeholders. These employees are most desired because they know the art of managing value and essentially the mannerisms which are related with its creation. A value-added accounting framework would serve the cause of the entire industry, irrespective of the takers. This value creation only allows the businesses to compete within an international context and look at the strategic perspective more than anything else. It gives a precise rundown on some of the most pivotal tasks and actions which can be completed to bring about success within the relevant and related methodologies. Company performance is dependent on how this value is carried forward and how its success

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A discussion of how the authors biographical background leads to a particular interpretation of a work - Essay Example The views and analyses made by the scholars while critically evaluating his works have also been included in the present study. The following hypothesis has been developed for the research: More thought-provoking and brilliant the author’s personality as well as observation of the environment, the more his piece of literature covers and reflects different aspects of the biographical background of its author. It is fact beyond doubt that there not only exists a strong and an intimate association between life and literature, but also life is the subject matter of all genres and forms of creative writing. It is therefore it has aptly been said that literature is the reflection of life and the norms, values, traditions, conventions and taboos prevailing in a society which can be found and preserved in gorgeous creative writing as the intellectual heritage of a particular culture and civilization. It is social and cultural features that provide the raw material to creativity on which the foundations of literature stand. Thus, realities of life give birth to the formation of literature. Looking into the history of the world at large, it becomes obvious that all human societies have worked for the preservation of their culture in the form of poetry, art, sculpture, drama, paintings and other forms of creativity. It is therefore ancient Greek philosophers and thinkers have discussed literature in their lectures and writings. Plato has also analyzed literature critically with special focus on poesy. He has declared poetry as mere imitation of life, and a true literary genre presents the actual picture of patterns of life without concealing the bitter facts it maintains. Aristotle, in his renowned Poetics, views men mere objects of imitation. â€Å"Since the objects of imitation are men in action, he argues, and these men must be either of a higher or a lower type, it follows that we must represent

An Examination of Outsiders in Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford and North Essay

An Examination of Outsiders in Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford and North and South - Essay Example In Cranford, the outsiders and their relationship to the central characters are depicted with gentle satire and humor. Human foibles are examined with compassion and the tale holds out the promise of redemption. With typical narrative skill, Gaskell highlights the characteristics that mark both groups as unique in their own right and cleverly demonstrates the benefits to be enjoyed if their differences are ironed out. However she does not stress this point and brings out how it is also possible for the two to exist independent of the other, without too much hostility, overt or otherwise. In North and South, the role of outsiders is handled on a more solemn note, in keeping with the gravity of the subject matter. Gaskell reveals a thorough grasp of the situation as she depicts the painful antagonism that characterizes the mental framework of the outsiders and the inevitability of open conflict. Human existence itself becomes fragile under the oppressive, all - pervasive atmosphere of ill - concealed hatred, intolerance and mutual fear. She emphasizes the absolute need for reconciliation between the warring factions and the need for peaceful co - existence, improved communication channels, tolerance and better understanding. The novel reveals how such a ceasefire is not only possible but imperative in order to ensure better living conditions for all concerned. The difference in the depiction of outsiders in both the novels lies largely in the stronger stand she adopts in the latter. A thorough analysis of this subject helps one better understand the nature of the differences in the portrayal of outsiders and is likely to result in a better understanding of the content, themes and the narrative techniques employed, which in turn makes the reading experience far more rewarding and enriching. A Study of Outsiders in Cranford At the very onset of the text it is possible to identify the outsiders. Gaskell says, "Cranford is in possession of the Amazons; all the holders of houses, above a certain rent, are women In short, whatever does become of the gentlemen, they are not at Cranford" (1). Thereafter, men who arrive on the scene are perceived as the outsiders on account of their gender. From this point Gaskell sketches the peculiarities and peccadilloes that are the defining characteristics of both sexes with particular attention to the female sex. The traits unique to both sexes are seldom disparaged but often celebrated. Like the mythological Amazons, the women of Cranford had for the most part excluded men from their lives and are remarkably self - sufficient. However unlike their mythical counterparts they refrain from killing men, but do not baulk at driving them away by the sheer strength of their disapproval and superior numbers. Therefore the women are the central characters in Cranford; however despite the fact that theirs is a secluded community, insulated from the rest of the world, they cannot keep out men from their lives. Therefore male characters make their appearance at regular intervals for better or for worse and are essential elements of the plot. The community at Cranford is a close - knit one, where the genteel ladies are well established in their ways and are accustomed to the monotony of their uneventful lives. The ladies are used to each other's eccentricities and they take

Analysis of Physician Views Towards End-of-Life Care

Analysis of Physician Views Towards End-of-Life Care Introduction: It has been estimated that more than 15 million people will suffer cancer worldwide by 2020(1). According to the report by Ministry of Health, over 30000 people die because of cancer annually and about 70000 new cases occur every year(2). Therefore cancer is the third most common cause of death in Iran following coronary heart disease and accidents (3, 4). There are considerable evidences that most of patients who encounter a life-threatening condition such as cancer are growing rapidly in Iran in the last few decades (1, 5, 6). Unfortunately, most of these patients are diagnosed in the late stages of disease, therefore they reach a stage that surgery, chemotherapy and other curative interventions are unable to improve their quality of life. They often suffer severe distress, in physical, psychological, spiritual, social and financial dimensions (7)Hence, the relief from such a suffering is considered as a basic and universal human right (8) and a basic action in achieving Universal Health Coverage(UHC) which has been introduced by World Health Organization in recent years (9). Universal health coverage is defined as access to key promotive, preventive, curative , rehabilitative, and palliative care for all at an affordable cost(8). Palliative or hospice care is an interdisciplinary, comprehensive, patient-centered approach in response to these needs. In other word hospice is a model for end-of-life care based on a team approach to control symptoms, manage pain, and provide emotional and spiritual support for terminally ill patients and their families (10). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), palliative care is ‘an approach to improve the quality of life of for threatening illness situations (11). The hospice care is not to cure disease but alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life at the end of life are the main objectives. Furthermore the mission of hospice care is to enable the end of life patients to die at home, with their beloved people around them (12). Despite the fact that cancer is a leading cause of mortality with rapidly growing rate and late stage diagnoses in Iran, very little is known about the physicians’ beliefs, attitudes and experiences about of end-of-life care. This study surveyed Iranian physicians’ attitudes and practices on end-of-life care for the first time. Materials Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all doctors who participated in the biggest regional annually conducted educational seminar in the Tabriz city and end of year medical students in September 2012. This Physicians came from East-Azerbaijan and some provinces in north-east of Iran. Generally seminar is conducted annually and consists of clinician-specialists in different specialty groups. The seminar presented the opportunity to obtain current information on End of life care training, knowledge and attitudes, demographic and organizational characteristics, and personal experience with end of life patients. The population consisted of 560 medical students, general physicians, specialist and sub-specialists. The sample size was determined based on the WHO recommendation on 400 sample and results of a pilot study consisting of 30 physicians which resulted in an Odds Ratio of 1.8. Considering 95% confidence and 95% power, two tailed test, and utilizing G-Power software, 161 cases were computed and regarding a dropout rate of 45% the total sample size increased to at least 234 cases. Data were collected using a voluntary self-administered, anonymous questionnaire that originally developed by John Mastrojohn and Agnes Csikos in 2010 (13) and we confirmed and retained its validity and reliability after translation to Farsi in this survey. A translation – back translation process was used to translate the measure; two English language specialists and two native English speaking persons respectively involved in the translation and back translation processes. In addition to apply the translated questionnaire in the study population on 15 persons, a linguistic edit of the measure was done. The content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated based on opinions of an expert panel consisted of eight specialists in the fields of Health service research. After conducting some modifications and corrections the content validity was approved. In addition, we assessed the reliability of questionnaire totally using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The Cronbach†™s Alpha values were calculated for all 22 items (0.92.) and showed reasonable reliability (internal consistency). Questionnaires were distributed prior to the sessions and internship workshops. A total of 38.3% (215 of 560) of participants completed the survey. Participation was voluntary and no incentives were offered. Completion of the anonymous questionnaire was taken as consent to participate in the study. Questionnaire includes a letter explaining its general purpose and providing assurances of the confidentiality of individual answers. Questionnaire contains 22 questions about care of terminally ill patients, 2 questions about personal (age and sex) and 5 questions in relation to organizational characteristics. All returned questionnaires were checked manually for completeness before they were forwarded to electronic data computer. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to compare results and Cross-tabulations using Kendall’s tau-b to test for significance were conducted to compare within-sample bivariate associations between demographic and practice variables with belief and attitudinal variables. Most of these tests were not statistically significant, with the exception of those reported here. All study data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0.Only quantitative results are discussed in this article. Ethical consideration for this study and the study protocol were approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), which was in compliance with Helsinki Declaration. Results: In this study, 215 questionnaires were completed from 560 (overall response rate of 38.3%). Of all participants, 60% were males. In terms of their graduated universities, (76.2%) of the respondents were graduated students of Tabriz medical university. Every physician had visited 24.63 (16.57) patients every day and the average length of service was 5.23 (4.53) years. The physicians identified their degrees as 60.7% generalist and 39.3% specialist. Socio-demographic and organizational characteristics of participations are shown in table 1. According to the table 1 more than eighty percent of physicians have had at last 1-3 EOL patients. It is considerable that 72% of mentioned patients received medical care in the hospital, 23% at home and 4.7% in other settings. Further investigation did not show any statically significant differences between gender groups, specialty or generalists in the number of their daily visiting patients, however differences about their terminal illness patients were statically meaningful (p Physicians’ believes about the most appropriate type of care for end of life patients illustrated in Table2 The responses of physicians about opinion on current cares for end of life patients in our country were as following: 1.9 percent indicated the best, 15.8 percent sufficient with deficiencies, 59.5 percent insufficient, and finally 22.8 percent there is not any care. In other words nearly all of the physicians evaluated these services as insufficient. Furthermore their response to :In your opinion, the best setting for care of terminally ill patients is usually approximately were:20 percent hospital, 62 percent the patients home, 18 percent a nursing home, that obviously is in contrast with their practices that indicate more than 72.4 percent of end of life patients were cared in hospital. Furthermore the differences among two groups of physicians about Best Setting for care of terminally ill patients were statically significant (p Physicians beliefs about the ability of end of life patients to maintain dignity until death showed in the Table 3: Further investigation about mentioned differences in last table didn’t show any significant relationship among specialty, age, gender, work place and graduating groups of physicians. Nearly one percent of physicians stated that they were quite knowledgeable about hospice care and 57.1 percent did not posses any familiarity with this type of care. In other way, 97.2 percent of physicians indicated that they would not participate in educational course about hospice care. Hence 82.2 percent of them were interested in participating in educational course on hospice care. Table 4 shows familiarity of physicians with hospice care and their interest in participating in educational course. Table 4: physicians’ familiarity, behavioral with hospice care and educational course Investigation on significant relationship between physicians’ knowledge about hospice and demographic characteristics were meaningful only in Age groups, where differences in physicians on searching workshop in different groups were significant only in work place (p=0.025). DISCUSSION: There are numbers of important implications of this study. First, the study demonstrates that familiarity of Iranian physicians with end of life cares was low in spite of frequent contact with those patients. Second, there isnt any kind of structured or organized system to deliver services for end of life patients. Third, there isnt any developed educational plan neither in medical school curriculums nor continuity medical education programs. In this study the participation rate was 38.3% which was lower than that of similar studies in Hungary (54%) , United States (48%) and Pakistan (63.6%)(13, 14). This differences could be attributed to methods of sampling and low level of Iranian physicians’ knowledge about end of life cares . Most of the Iranian physicians (72%) in the current study claim that they didnt have any knowledge about hospice care, which is similar to Pakistani doctors (57.1%) who stated that they had heard about a hospice (14). In contrast to the most of U.S. physicians who were quite knowledgeable most of the Hungarian physicians had only a basic knowledge (13). However there is a high level of interest in the physicians of U.S., Hungary, Iran (82%), and Pakistan to participate in continuing medical education to learn more about hospice care. These findings are consistent with previous studies that indicate physicians’ common interest in continuing medical education for end-of-life care(7, 13-17). In this study 72% of EOL patients received medical care in the hospital and 23% at home, whereas other studies are focusing to physicians’ awareness of patients’ preferred place for dyeing(18, 19). However 27% of Iranian physicians mentioned that the preferred place of providing terminal care is hospital, the reasons for this obvious conflict are related to lack of delivering any end of life care in health system in hospital or home. Furthermore 82% of physicians demonstrated that level of present end of life care in Iran is insufficient and 22% believed that there is not any structured service for end of life patients. This finding is in accordance with other study results and reports, thereforeIran was categorized in second group on Palliative Care Development in the world (20). Iranian physicians believed that combination of curative and palliative care is most appropriate approach for terminally ill patients (61.7%) which matches with U.S. physicians and contrasts with most of Hungarian physicians that supported a palliative care only approach for terminally ill patients (13). This may be attributed to the current practice of aggressive curative treatment until the last day s of life in Iran and Hungary. Iranian Physicians’ beliefs about the ability of End of life patient to maintain personal dignity were differed from those of other countries(13, 19) especially for this opinion Most or all end of life patients are not able to maintain personal dignity it was 18% in our study but in the mentioned countries it was 9% and 5 %. These differences could be attributed to difference of social contexts and family structures in these three countries. Most of the Iranian physicians in the current study claim that they would not participate in educational course about hospice care neither would they do in collage curriculums nor in continuity medical education programs. These results are in contrast to most of the U.S. and Hungarian physicians (13) but are in accordance with previous studies on Iranian nurses (8). Intense interest of Iranian physicians to participate in continuing medical education for end-of-life care is clear evidence for this finding. Conclusions: A growing trend of chronic, non-communicable diseases especially cancers in Iran, has led to new condition of needs for providing care to EOL patients. Furthermore our findings clearly indicate unacceptable level of knowledge and attitudes of physicians about delivering services for EOL patients. Physicians of our study were interested in participating in continuing education programs about EOL patient. In response to these realities, designing the specific care for EOL patients, is inevitable and should be starting as soon as possible. Furthermore the education of physicians about EOL care should be included in the formal curriculums of medical schools and continuous medical education programs.

The Rastafarian Religion :: essays research papers

While some will call Rastafarianism a religion, others will say that Rastafarianism is a kind of spiritual consciousness because the Rastas lack a great deal of what is central for other religions while still retaining a belief in a God. There aren't too many organised Rasta 'churches', and the closest thing you would come to a church will probably be Rasta organisations like 'The Twelve Tribes of Israel', the 'Nyabinghi Order' and especially the 'Bobo Dreads'. Rastafarianism also lacks a confession of fate, which most other religious systems will have. So the question will remain open if this is a religion or a spiritual consciousness where everyone calling him/herself a Rasta will be more or less free to believe in what they like. As already mentioned, Rastafarianism is not just a religion or spiritual consciousness, but also a way of life. This encompasses among other things food, called Ital food. Rastas are supposed to be vegetarians, while some eat fish, the Ital food consists only of vegetables and spices, not including salt, which for health reasons are not used in cooking. The food is very healthy, as health is also generally very important to Rastas. You will seldom see an unhealthy Rasta. Rastas also smoke ganja, or marijuana as it's more commonly known, but this is not something you have to do. The smoking of ganja is founded on Bible passages describing how ganja was used in ancient times by people like King Solomon, and the Rastas see it as a way to ease the way to commune with Jah. But there are even a small number of Rastas who do not smoke it on the grounds that easy ways out to reach a 'communion' with Jah should not be sought. The Rasta way of life also encompasses a social side, where the lives and rights of everyone, but especially of the poor, are taken into account. They believe that everyone deserves and has the right to freedom, and more than anything else a belief in equal rights for everyone. The question of dreadlocks or no dreadlocks is not so important, even if most Rastas will have them. Even one of today's reggae groups sing a song that's called, 'You don't haffi (have to have) dread to be Rasta' (Morgan Heritage). It's more to do with how you behave, act and what you believe in, than how you look. Even the language of the Rastas has changed the Jamaican Patois language, where many of the expressions unique to Jamaica originated in Rastafarianism, like 'I and I', meaning we.

Things I’ve learned

I've learned One of the first things that I have learned since Eve been In this class was how to be better at communication. Often at times we as people seem to only think about ourselves, It's not a good thing but we are human. In the world of business I am my own brand but I'm not the most important piece in the puzzle.Teamwork is the key because the same people that I see going up the ladder will most likely be he same people I see coming down. With that being said, I will try my best not to burn any bridges because you never know who or what that you might need In life. The second thing that I have learned since being in this class is emotional Intelligence. A lot of people claim to have emotional intelligence but lack the confidence within themselves to properly express it and in this line of business find It crucial.With limited knowledge of self and emotional intelligence one can ender their success. With emotional intelligence a person can communicate effectively because with out communication you can't be an effective player in this game of life. The third thing I've learned was the Dry. Phil test. It was important because it was Like looking In the mirror and being critical of myself to put things In 1 OFF learned since being in this class is trust and how to effectively complete proposals.

Anime VS American Animation Essays - Shnen Manga, Osamu Tezuka

Anime VS American Animation Essays - Shnen Manga, Osamu Tezuka Anime VS American Animation by Marker Apenname Thesis Statement This is my thesis statement while American animation and Japanese animation both have their virtues, the style of American animation, in general, has a significant amount of higher quality. Where to Begin? Where to be Going? To begin with, one of the major problems that has hindered American animation is budget and time constraints. On the other hand, in Japan, anime has been allowed to flourish all over. When it comes to animation, it seems that Hollywood simply does not take it seriously and would rather throw its millions into "live action" films and TV shows. There is only one company in Hollywood which devotes a significant amount of its resources to advancing our heritage in animation, and that's Disney. Comparatively, its Japanese cousin has hundreds. This is a real shame considering that animation itself was originally pioneered by us. The American form of animation has not had its techniques advanced through as many stages or been perfected as much as Japanese anime has. This would lead some to the conclusion that Japanese animation is inherently better than American animation; a false conclusion that I will dissect piece by piece as we go on. Still, there are some examples where the qualit y of American animation really shines through for what it was meant to be. Take another perspective, and you'll see that the cut-throat constraints which American animation producers face can actually help the quality of their animation, because they are always forced to work under the constant threat of being "canned". Any animation project cannot be a flop or else (as in showbiz terms) so-and-so "will never work in this town again!" Compare this to all that garbage floating around in Japan. However, to gain the popularity and respect that the form deserves, we need to make some big changes. Fortunately, it seems that some of the big-shots up there have finally started to take notice of what has caused the likes of Disney to become very successful and make billions of dollars for years. Of course, it will be a while before animators are given the freedom and creativity that have made the Japanese successful for the last decade. But we cannot simply play catch-up by copying their in ferior anime style (even though that's what they did to us a long time ago). Then we would be giving away our pride selling out one of the few proud things that we can say was made in America. No, we must do things our own way! A Little History Few people, including those obsessed anime fans, have a clear understanding of how Japanese animation came to be or how it relates to the American form of animation. So, let's take a little look at its history. First, let's figure out what element of Japan's society has caused the proliferation of anime. Well, in Japan there is a distinctive connection between the animation industry and the comic book (called "manga") industry. In fact, many animes are based off of manga. The actual word "manga" was coined in 1814 and roughly translates into "humorous pictures", but cartoonish art had existed in Japanese culture for centuries prior to that. The crude drawings were used by the Japanese leaders and social elite, usually for political purposes. One of the earliest known collections of these drawings were drawn by a Buddhist monk named Toba in the 12th century. The need for these drawings was probably brought about by a certain trait in Japanese culture, which modern-day psychologis ts might call an "attention deficit disorder". The solution for this was to entice their people with certain visual stimuli. This became a useful tool for those in power, since they could use it to leverage control over the public. The effect could be described similarly to the "media saturation" which has plagued America in recent times. Flash forward to 1989 only 12% of published material in Japan were books, whereas the majority (38%) were manga! If this does not show anything about Japanese society and literacy, then I don't know what does. All of this may suggest that the Japanese had a unique style of their

20 Analytical Essay Topics What to Discuss in the Lyric Poetry of Paul Celan

20 Analytical Essay Topics What to Discuss in the Lyric Poetry of Paul Celan If you are facing a literary analysis writing assignment on the lyric poetry of Paul Celan, the first place you need to start is with a topic. Below are 20 topics you might want to use: The Role That Survivors Guilt Plays in the Arts and How the Different Manifestation of Guilt in Different People Influence the Language Used and Communication Used Analysis of a Poem of Your Choosing The Role Played by the Poet’s Depression and Whether That Depression Helped or Hindered His Poems. How Poetry Is Self-Expression How Poetry Can Heal Entire Nations or Peoples The Reason the Poet Used Neologisms with Surreal Imagery in order to Cultivate a Powerful Image in the Minds of the Readers Analysis of a Made Up Word of Your Choosing How the Poet’s Poems Bury Emotional Content Related to the Unspeakable Horrors He Experienced and Witnessed during the Holocaust How Meaning Is Lost in the Translation The Use of Surreal Metaphors How Cenal’s Poems Differ from Traditional Poetic Style How Psychological Survival Skills Used in the Labor Camp Result in Feelings and Events Being Dissociated beyond Consciousness The Importance of Not Using Standard Poetry Techniques How Poetic Influence Is Measured How German Is a Unique, Scientific, and Technically Literal Language such That It Afforded the Poet More Flexibility in Creating His Own Vocabulary in the Language Can Poetry Come from a Happy Life What Defines Poetry as â€Å"Good† How Conjectural Meanings Played a Role in His Word Poetry as Self-Therapy The Way in Which the Disconnect from the German Language and the Relation It Had to the Death Of His Parents Played in His Using His Own German Vocabulary as a Means of Control over the Enemy and Therapy Aren’t those cool topics? Of course, they are because they open the deep background of Celan’s poetry. These topics are based on the facts about Paul Celan’s lyric poetry. However, if you have troubles conducting the analysis, visit our guide on analytical writing. Below is a sample essay on one of those 20 topics: Sample Analytical Essay: â€Å"The Way in Which the Disconnect from the German Language and the Relation It Had to the Death of His Parents Played in His Using His Own German Vocabulary as a Means of Control over the Enemy and Therapy† Survival’s guilt is a powerful psychological effect that often accompanies survivors of mass atrocities and war, including the labor camps and concentration camps so prevalent during the Second World War. For the poet Paul Celan, this took combined with the survival skills learned during his two years in the labor camps are responsible for pushing forward his need to seek therapy in whatever form was best suited for his situation. That form was the specific changing of the German vocabulary and use of the German language as the mother tongue for his poems. It was in 1942 that Paul Celan left his mother and father to go into hiding. They opted not to follow in spite of the inherent risks of remaining at home. It was on this night that both were arrested, deported, and ended up dying in concentration camps. His father died of disease but his mother was shot and killed when she was no longer physically able to work. He was taken to a labor camp where he worked for two years before escaping. As part of his time there, Paul Celan developed survival skills the same as everyone else. These skills enabled him to compartmentalize his feelings, to place sympathy and empathy on the same playing field so as to avoid a break down. This skill also allowed him to ignore the unbearable sounds, smells, and sights through disassociation, wherein the individual remains in a trance-life state which is beyond that of consciousness. This is a complex psychological state of being, one which must be dealt with after the fact. The manner in which Paul Celan dealt with it was through his poetry. Working through the survivor’s guilt and attempting to move beyond the disassociation and survival skills developed, the poet began to write his own works. While fluent in three languages and familiar with six, he learned German, a trait common among those who are dealing with mass atrocities; he learned his enemy and studied it deeply. During this time he opted to write all of his poetry in the German language. This language was the language of the people who murdered his mother, who took away his father, who put him in a camp himself, and more. But in writing in their language, the poet was able to gain some semblance of power back over his enemy who had taken so much from him. He was able to learn their ways, their meanings, and to not just write in their language but to change it. Paul Celan was popular for the vocabulary he created for the sake of his poetry. He was popular for making new words, for using traditional German prefixes and postfixes and making words which are similar to commonly used phrases, but are slightly different. Indeed, part of the ability and ease with which this was done reflects upon the German language itself, a very practical language full of literal terms and very few figurative turns of phrase. But in addition to the Greek and Latin roots so prevalent in the German language, the poet opted to do this because it offered a mild form of therapy, a way of taking back the control that was lost to him at the hands of the Nazis. For a people whose entire goal in the war was to preserve their motherland and mother tongue, to make sure that their purity went on to create the master race, the manner in which the poet spliced their mother tongue into pieces and infiltrated the pure language they held so dear was a way to re-gain control over what they did, to show them that they had not achieved a victory over him, and to get back at them in the same invasive and deeply inappropriate fashion that they had done to him. He violated the sanctity of their native tongue as a way of violating one of the things they held most dear as a people and in this way achieved revenge for their violation of the sanctity of his family unit. References: Celan, Paul, and Michael Hamburger.  Poems Of Paul Celan. New York: Persea Books, 1989. Print. Celan, Paul, and Pierre Joris.  Paul Celan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. Print. Celan, Paul, Barbara Wiedemann, and Nelly Sachs.  Paul Celan, Nelly Sachs. Riverdale-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Sheep Meadow Press, 1995. Print. Celan, Paul, Ilana Shmueli, and Susan H Gillespie.  The Correspondence Of Paul Celan Ilana Shmueli. Riverdale-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Sheep Meadow Press, 2010. Print. Celan, Paul, Werner Hamacher, and Winfried Menninghaus.  Paul Celan. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1988. Print. Ives, Margaret C., Haskell M. Block, and Paul Celan. The Poetry Of Paul Celan.  The Modern Language Review  89.2 (1994): 530. Web. Meyerhofer, Nicholas J., Clarise Samuels, and Paul Celan. Holocaust Visions: Surrealism And Existentialism In The Poetry Of Paul Celan.  German Studies Review  18.2 (1995): 364. Web.

Discuss Carson's view in the context of the history of management Essay

Discuss Carson's view in the context of the history of management theory and evaluate the relevance of McGregor's theories t - Essay Example The theories were based on a number of assumptions which a manager can use to motivate his employees (Koontz and Weihrich 2007). Managers who apply theory X in their management practices believe that employees do not like work. People are generally lazy and do not like responsibility. They avoid work and lack ambition and as a result, managers have to direct them and force them to work. On the other hand, managers who apply theory Y believe that employees are self -motivated, like work and are responsible. However, according to Carson (2005), â€Å"McGregor did not originate these ideas; he just made them easy for practitioners to use and implement in their work environments.† This paper discusses Carson’s view in the context of the history of management and also evaluates the relevance of McGregor’s theories to the contemporary leisure industry. Early foundations of theory Y The foundations of theory Y can be traced back to as early as 1690. The initial ideas of the theory were introduced by Locke in the year 1690 and Smith 1776. The philosophy by Locke was law based. The four ideas in his philosophy were; law based on purpose rather than arbitrary, government deriving powers from its citizens, freedom to pursue personal objectives as a natural right, as well as use of private property in search of happiness as a legally protected and natural right. These ideas have a connection with theory Y in that they all focus on an individual (Carson 2005). It is important to note that theory Y and theory X focus on individual behavior and their motives to work. Locke suggested that power, legal matters and liberty are influential at personal pursuance of goals and objectives. People need to be given the freedom to do their own things. He argued that individuals use their own properties in order to pursue happiness and objectives and they should not be dictated on how to achieve that fate. This is the same manner with which McGregor placed his theory . He argued that managers do not have to put much pressure on employees for them to perform. Instead, they should have faith in them. Each individual employee should be given a responsibility and the employer should trust him or her with it. Employers and managers should give employees freedom to carry out their duties (Lussier and Achua 2010). Smith presented an idea similar to that by Locke in that it focused on freedom. His liberal economics were developed in a period when there was less government control and interjection. The government interjection was similar to the assumption in McGregor’s theory X that people do not like work, have little ambition and tend to avoid responsibility. Smith advocated for a free market that gives an opportunity for competition. For a free market to be achieved, people should be accorded the liberty to make decisions on their own (Lusch and Vargo 2006). This was a foundational idea to the assumption by McGregor in his theory Y which indica ted that managers do not have to input external control or threat of punishment to make employees work towards achieving the organizational objectives. He suggested that man has the ability to exercise self- control as well as self- direction towards achieving the goals to a service in which they are committed (Carson 2005). Further foundation to McGregor’s theory was developed when Owen in the year 1857 expressed his beliefs that workers are a valuable asset to an organization. He felt that managers should realize the value in

(adults with schizoaffective disorder) Term Paper

(adults with schizoaffective disorder) - Term Paper Example The second and third aspects of the paper will also discuss how a family member saw this spectrum and how it is affects African-Americans. The theoretical orientation that has been chosen for this report is the cognitive theories. According to the Better Health Channel (2011) schizo-affective disorder is a combination of â€Å"schizophrenia and a mood disorder† (par. 1). There are two sub-types that have been identified: Schizo-affective bipolar type and schizo-affective depression type. The symptoms of schizo-affective disorder can include three types: Psychotic symptoms include losing touch with reality, chaotic speech, blank facial expression, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts and the inability to move. Manic symptoms can include rapid thoughts and/or speech, quick changes in mood, impulsive behaviors and exaggerated self-esteem. Depressive symptoms that can include low self-esteem, suicidal thoughts, loss of motivation and/or loss of interest, difficulty concentrating, insomnia and loss of appetite. Unfortunately, the causes of schizo-affective disorder is not known (Better Health Channel, 2011). Also, s chizo-affective disorder is difficult to diagnose because clients are usually having the same challenges when they are diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Generally, the diagnosis of schizo-affective disorder will be used if the individual has both schizophrenia and a mood disorder that is present for at least two weeks (Better Health Channel, 2011). This is one of the reasons that many researchers state that socio-affective disorder is part of a schizophrenia spectrum. The cognitive theories are important to this disorder because there are several areas of cognitive dysfunction. Green (2006) identified several key concepts in cognitive functioning. These concepts include: â€Å"speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, and social