Analysis of ‘‘The Lifeguard’’ by Mary Morris Essay

‘‘The Lifeguard’’ by Mary Morris is a short story that focusses on change over time. A lifeguard accustomed to be the lord of all he surveys and with a big self-esteem, has a rude awakening when he proves deficient in the first aid needed to save a toddler, Becky, on the beach. The author demonstrates that we realise what we have only when a shattering event occurs. Trough characterization, foreshadowing and symbolism, Morris infers that once we realise what we have, it’s too late. The character outlook of what he sees has clearly changed from the beginning to the end of the story. At first, the lifeguard saw the beach just as a way of being seen and appreciated by the girls and envied by the other man. He was narcissistic, ‘‘Girls clung to my stand, [†¦] and I could do no wrong’’ (p.98) and the way he was always talking about how much he loved his body, and it made him lose the real reason why he was at the beach. He wanted to be admired by people on the beach. But when a child almost died in his arm because he was not really aware of what was going on near him and his incapacity to save Becky started to bother him. So he went to Mrs. Lovenheim’s house, where he realised something profound on the emptiness of his live. He thought he had all what he wanted, but the most important was missing, true love. This reality changed his perception of life as he said: ‘’I’ve never seen the water and the umbrellas of summer in the same way again’’ (p.105). Mrs. Lovenheim made him fall into despair as she left him at the doorstep, him, the lifeguard who had a tremendous self-confidence. Ric Spencer acted as a foreshadowing character. He clearly missed the time where he was lifeguard. As soon as he could, he was going close to Josh to talk about the old time when he used to be lifeguard. Ric often gave advices to Josh to always be careful, because only a split second of distraction and a bad event, like the drowning of Billy Mandel, can happens. Ric was always there to tell the principal character ‘‘You don’t know what you’ve got’’, ‘‘You don’t know how lucky you are’’ (p.101), because the older man realised the chance he had to be lifeguard and because it is at about the age of Josh that h e could choose a job he would have love more. So he is often telling Josh to enjoy while staying careful, because he knows you won’t always have the perfect job and that an accident has bad consequence. When Becky almost died, it completely gave full meaning to Ric’s words. It is as if Josh hit a wall. This has ruined his summer. He should have listened to many advices given by his former lifeguard instead of laughing of him. Mrs. Lovenheim was represented as a symbol superiority of throughout the story. As it progresses, he kept on talking about how Mrs. Lovenheim was always looking at him. It made him proud; otherwise he would not have talked about her all along the story. For him, the fact that this women was looking at him was a proof that he was admired by other people on the beach, that he was superior to people around him. But when the savior of Becky did not recognized ‘‘It suddenly occurred to me that she had no idea who I was, that she’d never really seen me at all’’. So he thought he was the real king of the beach, but this made him realised he had all wrong. Maybe all what he saw was wrong, maybe all he described was false. Therefore, what he had taken for granted was no longer what it was the day before. He may have to consider everything under another perspective. But the point is that Mrs. Lovenheim was used to be the symbol of admiration he wanted, but as h e saw she barely knew him, his world rocked. In conclusion, Mary Morris displays that we must enjoy what we have while we have it, because if we lose it, it can be on your mind for long time, and you may regret not to have taken good times out of it. The author has been able to illustrate it through his usage of characterization, foreshadowing and symbolism. The author showed why it is important to take care of what we have, because a little nothing can make us lose it all.

A Memorable Moment in My Life

There are many memorable moments in my life, but the one that stands out most to me would be the day that my husband Eric got bit by a copperhead snake. I was working as a dental assistant at the time and we would go to the nursing home once a week and see patients there. I had just arrived to the nursing home and was getting everything set up and ready for the dentist, as I was doing so my phone rang. It was a guy named Gary that Eric worked with.He said, â€Å"Tina this is Gary and I need you to stay calm when I tell you this. I said, â€Å"Gary what is it just tell me what is going on? † He then began to tell me that he and Eric were walking up a hill to spray the ride away and when Eric got to the top of the hill he put his hand down to pull himself up and put his hand right on the copperhead and it latched onto his thumb and bit him. Gary told me that he was already in the ambulance and on his way to the hospital, but his hand was already swollen really bad and had turn black.I quickly got off the phone and went straight to Paul B. Hall Regional Medical Center the hospital they were taking Eric to. I arrived at the same time he did I ran up to the Doctor at the E. R. his name was Dr. Arnold. I ask him is he going to be okay because I knew that he had gotten a lot of the venom because his arm was twice the size it normally was. Dr. Arnold told me he would take good care of him and make sure he had the best care possible.He had nurses in the room for 13 hours measuring his arm and taking his vitals. And after about thirteen hours of praying God stopped the swelling and he got to go home. I stayed up all night checking his vitals myself and measuring every fifteen minutes and by the grace of God he didn’t loose any fingers or his hand and that was a big concern. Although he does have a lot of significant damage he is alive and that’s what matters to me.

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example The child who is symbolizing Jesus in this picture is the centre of this picture where the friends of Madonna are taking care of him. Similarly Modonna’s centre of interest in this picture is also the child who was regarded as a gift from god and all the attention was being given to him (Wright, 339). The antique art is also depicted in the picture where all the people behind the scenes are busy in their works and the mountain tops are showing a unique work of masonry and status building. It is shows that the mother’s affection is at the peak and Mary is busy in taking care of the child who will be the crown of all the happenings in future. The use of dark colors are cut from all the sides in order to converge the focus of the viewer is the cardinal theme of the picture which in turn is creating a haughty image. Explanation The  Adoring Madonna  is a type of character that was highly popular during the Renaissance period in the historical perspective. This image usu ally is intended for personal devotion and feelings are showing that the Mary and her friends are showing their love for the Christ Child. There was a time when many such images were produced in a huge number to depict the ancient art for the people of modern age so that they can understand the true color of history and how well civilized the ancient people were and these pictures also show glazed terracotta as well as painting aesthetics. Half length Madonna is the trademark painting piece of the Eastern Orthodox Church in which the painters used to depict the similar scene in many different perspectives and highlighting multiple historical events in different pictures. The subject matter is highly formulated to highlight the importance of the â€Å"Mother of God. Such kind of paintings of Mary and child with saints are very common in the  renaissance painting which are specific to Italy, Italy because the era of Renaissance is very much related to Italy from the ancient times. These types of images are also made with soil and mud to give a depiction of the museum sculptures. These statues and painting can captivate the viewer and take him in to the ancient civilization where everything was simple and grounded in natural perspective. The above picture is also one of those true showing of culture. Such kind of images started to surface in the time period of around fifteenth and sixteenth century when the repertoire of painters were full of painting related to Mary and child with hermit saints in order to include historical events, independent portraits, ancient civilization and mythological subject matter of the characters. Christianity had a great impact and nurturing of these painters because every painting is somehow related to the divine orations and happenings similar to what described in the Bible. The subject matters of the above picture also discuss the events that happened and described in the bible and images of different saints remained a centre of all the art work. All the events that took place in the sixteenth century also influenced these paintings and many of the aesthetic works show the depiction of the ancient events that took place in the timeline of history. Later works of Fungai show his mastery of the Sienese and works of the

Bus 22 db thanksgiving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus 22 db thanksgiving - Essay Example This mode of communication is not appropriate since some members fail to get the message, or they are reached by distorted information. The process of information used in the club can be improved by embracing the new information technology. For instance, all the members of the club are members in various social sites such as Facebook and twitter. The club management should create a Facebook page so that communication of important issues can be made easier. In addition, almost every person can easily access the internet and a computer, in this regard, video conferencing can be used for communication, especially when members are on personal vacation. In essence, appropriate application of information technology is the most efficient means of improving communication in an organization (Ling & Campbell, 2011). In summary, leaders of various organizations should apply communication processes that fit all members of the organization for effective

Contraception and Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contraception and Abortion - Research Paper Example Furthermore, these women experience about 450 menstrual cycles as contrasted to the estimated 160 during historic times, characterised by prolonged lactational amenorrhoea and repeated births (Rowlands, 2007). Further compounded by smaller families, men and women have shown greater interest in their reproductive lives.Thus, enlightenment on human sexuality issues on contraception and abortion would benefit decision-making with this regard. Contraception refers to the prevention of egg-sperm union, also defined as the prevention of ovulation. This involves the application of some physical intervention to prevent a new individual from being created (Golanty & Edlin, 2012). Indeed, there are a number of methods used to bar conception, thus considered as contraceptives or conception controllers. Condoms are commonly used, with those made from polyurethane gaining more popularity to those made of latex because of being odourless, easy to don, it transmits heat and is non-allergic despite a poor breakage history. Though gradually facing out, spermicide nonoxinol-9 has also been in use for long. The pills, now in use for about 4 decades, revolutionised contraception to a great extent, becoming the most popular form of contraception. Other forms of contraceptives include injections and implants. Not even the hormonal products that came into the market later changed this. Even though these contraceptives are easily available i n pharmacies, unwanted pregnancies are still rampant. In the 1970s, a new concept referred to as emergency contraception was introduced. This involves the use of hormones after sex. In a majority of countries, including the UK and US, they are available over-the-counter (Rowlands, 2007). Golanty and Edlin (2012) cite progestin-only pills as another approach to emergency contraception. The development of emergency contraceptives should have reduced the use of regular contraceptives and curb on abortions. However, Rowlands (2007)

Case Assign MGNT Strategy Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Assign MGNT Strategy Implementation - Essay Example The main focus of the company was on eliminating the wastage of time and raw materials at every step of the production process. Due to this reason the company introduced fast and flexible process of manufacturing so that they could supply the customers with the best product on the right time and at an affordable price (Becker, 2012). Toyota improved their production quality by: Implementing a culture of learning within the organization for continuous improvement. Increasing the quality of the working systems. Introducing affordable alternatives for new expensive technology in the market. Creating a perfect business process within the company (ICMR, 2010). Toyota faced different business problems from other automobile companies. The company targeted a small market segment but it had to produce a variety of cars on the same assembly line. The only solution of this problem was to introduce flexible operation. This is when Toyota production system was introduced in the company. They inco rporated the idea of Just-In-time system, inspired by the ideas from American supermarkets. The company also became inspired by the idea of W. Edward Deming, which encouraged Toyota to adopt a systematic approach for solving the problems and this would lead to continuous improvement. This process was called Kaizen (Weemooseus- edublogs, 2010). The main motive of Toyota Production system was to minimize the time spend on activities which are not important or necessary. The major activities in the organization which were non-value adding waste were: Defects Disguise employment Inventory in excess Overproduction Strategic Implementation Factors Strategies are usually formulated by the top level management of the company, but the people responsible for implementing the strategy are different. Implementation is the process that links the top level management with the other employees of the organization. Strategy formulation and implementation of the strategy are two sides of the same coi n. Implementation is a process with the help of which the strategies and the policies of the company are put in action by developing programs, budgets and procedures (Kachru, 2005, p. 391). To see that the strategies have been properly implemented it is important to use the capabilities of a few to check those implementations. The factors such as the structure, culture, people of the organization, commutation, control and the outcome is very important for an organization to successfully implement the strategies. To see that the strategies formulated have been carefully implemented, the organizational structure and culture should be reviewed. In the mid of 2000 Toyota faced number of safety issues in their cars. The most notable problems Toyota faced in its design, development, suppliers, production and maintenance was due to the resignation of a number of talented professionals from Toyota. The 2007 consumer reports did not give any ratings to the cars manufactured by Toyota. The co mpanies had shortage of experts, and maintaining high quality became a million dollar question for Toyota. They had time pressure and lack of resources. The sales went down and the strengths, hybrids and electric cars were not helping the company revive (The Guardian, 2010). Structure The structure affects the organization indirectly. It also affects the implementation of strategies through the flow and control of information. The organization should always align the design and the capabilities

Culture Analysis for the movie Bend It like Beckham Assignment

Culture Analysis for the movie Bend It like Beckham - Assignment Example The three characters, Jules and Jess convey contradictory interests of ethnicity, gender and sexuality. Jess is stranded between the traditional customs of her Indian culture and a modern English culture. She abandons her customary clothing and wears like any other English teenager and a huge interest for the national sport, which is football. Gender issues also haunt jess as she plays a traditional male sport and football was not for women. Jess’ parents and Jess show generational difference as Jess’ parents try to recruit Jess into the traditional model of an Indian woman. In addition to forcing her to cook traditional food, she also wants her to get married to an Indian man in a traditional wedding. On the other hand, Jules faces gender issues when it comes to her behavior and dress codes. Her mother also accuses her of being homosexual. She also faces generational difference as her mother expects her to live according to the traditional methods of a female behavior. This also portrays the ethnic contradictions. The reason being, she plays soccer, which is a male sport. Both characters are a good example of the different cases surrounding cultural acceptance.Both Jules and Jess share similar interests in football. The different members of their families share different views in this issue. In both cases, the female parents are not supportive of this decision by their daughters. They are the promoters of traditional customs in the family. The male parents are in support of their daughters’ decision but do this secretly.

Business Communication 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Communication 2 - Assignment Example The facilitation of nonverbal communication is featured by the use of gestures, body language, facial expression of eye contact etc. Besides these features, the prospect of one person’s speech being different from another by way of voice, style and stress also constitutes to the functioning of nonverbal communication. Similarly, even in written format of communication, there are certain features like handwriting, organization of sentences and the word selection can altogether constitute an insignia of a person’s nonverbal communication elements. The following paragraphs give a clear-cut ideal of the scope, function and practical application of nonverbal communication in different spheres of life. It is also essential to recognize the prominence of the seven aspects of this model of contact between people such as paralanguage, body language, environment, distance, touch, time and eye contact has to be clearly evaluated for their use and management in the practical applic ation of nonverbal communication. Managing nonverbal communication Managing communication in the absence of words is arguably one of the most challenging tasks for the managers of organized groups. It is equally important to manage the feelings and their reflections in the daily life of individuals. There can be many examples of the regular life of individuals in which they have to adopt the process of nonverbal communication aspects. Sometimes a look or a gesture does the role of a great command. In other contexts, body language or time set for a regular action can influence the stakeholders of the process of exchange of information. There can be certain references to prove that the use of words and their pronunciation doubtlessly making the communication easier and more cognitive; however, the transfer of feelings and intellectual significance of a conversation or relationship between individuals is influenced more by non-verbal communication channels than the routine voice based elements. For instance, as Soon (2012) points out, a meeting of two people is specifically garnished by their shaking each other’s hands or by a hugging; in either case, the process of the meeting commences with the routine greeting of the time covering that meeting. From a certain angle of view, it is visibly annoying to find that the absence of such a physical endorsement of feelings makes the communication less effective. In order to manage the communication using the nonverbal media, the communicator has to effectively analyze and make use of his body language, touch and vocal qualities with the careful concern for time, space and situations. Moreover, it may also be regulated and empowered by the use of symbols and graphic pictures developed by the modern technology such as printed documents, visual projects and placards etc (Pecha Kucha 6 minutes 40 seconds). The functional success of a nonverbal medium is directly connected to time and environment at which it is used. If a person winks an eye at a stranger as a gesture of information transfer, it becomes provoking sometimes to the opposite person. For another instance, the combined atmosphere and distance effect in a nonverbal communication event matters to a great extent in the completion of a meaningful transfer of information. In military operations and surgical or scientific experimental environments, the need for gestures as a device is necessary; and the right cognitive effect of this is analysed by the timing of such

National Economic Policy macroeconomic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

National Economic Policy macroeconomic - Essay Example This increase in money supply will lead to an increase in output, income and employment. This will be  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   caused by  Ã‚  Ã‚   the fall in interest rate which occurs after the LM curve shifts to the right (Young & Zilberfarb, 2000), as reflected in the IS-LM curve below. It is worth noting that if money supply is increased, while interest rate is held constant, a higher level of income is needed to ensure  Ã‚  Ã‚   that there is a corresponding demand level for money to the supply. This as mentioned earlier moves the LM curve to the right. The increased income and constant  interest rate where the money demand and supply equal each other is seen at the far right of the curve. In case the inflation rate at one point of constant interest rate makes holding money costly, thus few decide to hold it. This calls for rising of income at a certain real interest rate in the universe so as to put the needed money to be held thus maintaining the economic equilibrium , which can be traced to the right of the IS-LM curve (Carlberg, 2000). The components of GDP will be affected as a result of applying this policy. First of all, the aggregate demand will increase. This increase in demand refers to the increase in the number of goods required by consumers in the economy. This is usually a very good thing for triggering an increase in output in the economy. Especially in the short run, this usually raises the production of the economy which is very desirable. This policy will also have a negative effect on employment. One of the reasons for the increased unemployment is the fact that producers react to the high demand by government thus taking production to a higher level. The increase in production demands that  labor increases. The people who are hired earn money thus are able to spend in larger amounts than when unemployed. Question Two   Expansionary fiscal policy A variety of fiscal policies which leads to a rise in government spending, a sh rink in taxes, or a swell in transfer payments is applied to counter the mishaps of economy contraction. The objective of expansionary fiscal policy is to bridge a recessionary gap, ignite the economy, and reduce the unemployment level. Expansionary fiscal policy is sometimes backed by expansionary monetary policy. Taxation Taxation is the major fiscal policy tool that works quickly to correct an ailing economy. Basically individual income taxes levied by the state; however other taxes are also applicable. Taxes are the spontaneous levies that the government charges on the entire the economy to create the proceeds required to provide basic goods and services and to facilitate other state functions. Personal income levies are precisely the taxes gotten from the earnings received by individuals in each house hold. Expansionary fiscal policy works by either a decline of the income tax levies or an instant rebate of levies previously collected. The decrease in taxes empowers the each ho usehold with extra per capita earnings that can be utilized for spending costs, which then ignites cumulative production and employment and translates

Punishment and Re-education of Juvenile Offenders Research Paper

Punishment and Re-education of Juvenile Offenders - Research Paper Example Children and adolescents are individuals who are undergoing a radical change in all aspects of their lives. Child development principles must be understood by the juvenile system. These formative years form the developmental trajectories for every individual (Arredondo, 2003). Children are likely to undergo irreversible damage in the application of punishment and deterrence inflicted without proper guidelines. However, the juvenile system has the potential to impact its detainees in a positive manner. Correction officers are charged with a unique responsibility. Expectations on them dictate that they have to reform delinquent youth. Juvenile systems have universal punishments for offenders. That means that the justice system is an offense based rather than offender based. Correction officers, therefore, have to apply uniform punishment and deterrent methods to different offenders. Juvenile offenders have unique needs. Their characters are not fully formed. This means that inappropriate punitive measures are likely to harm the development of the child. It is difficult for the officers to gauge which sanctions are appropriate for each juvenile detainee. The situation is very confusing when dealing with juvenile inmates in an adult correction center. Adults have complete characters. That means that severe punishment is likely to effect a change in their characters. The juvenile system is supposed to offer structure and support to its detainees. Most delinquents originate from homes where the adults are unreliable. These homes have no structure and pay no attention to the needs of the growing children. The children realize that they can push boundaries without suffering the consequences of their misdeeds. Correction officers, therefore, have the prerogative to follow up each offender during their rehabilitation. This is, however, difficult as the officers are charged with a large number of detainees. They are unable to provide consistent and predictable attention to their detainees. Juvenile inmates in an adult institution suffer from lack of structure. The system is designed to correct adults who can take responsibility for their actions.

Community Service Essay Example for Free

Community Service Essay Community service is very important because it helps build character, which is something that the Dalton School and the Detroit News would agree with me on. Having community service as a requirement to graduate is a good idea as long as the student can choose what type of community service they want to do; because it forces students to go out in their community and help others. Community Service doesnt have to have a negative effect on people, it can and usually has a good effect. Willie Grothman and Tim Phang are two high school students who started a community service club that helped a lot of people in their community. Community service can be extremely valuable in the development of both character, academics and it gives students a chance to give back to their community. Community service builds character because after accomplishing something, it gives people a feel of satisfaction and accomplishment that makes students feel good about themselves. The Dalton School believes when an individual goes out in the world and interacts with other people in the spirit of bettering, that individual makes a contribution and will feel a sense of accomplishment. But on the other hand, some people argue that it is wrong to force students into doing community service. Arthur Stukas, Mark Snyder, and E. Gil Clary said students were less affected even if they had a choice of community service. These scientists also say that researchers have found that students who initially did not want to volunteer found that they actually enjoyed helping others if requirements were applied gently and with their input and involvement in the process. In my opinion that is what we want to happen when students are involved in community service. From graph two that Mark Hugo presents is that community service has a high rating from the students who are educationally successful which shows that community service can have a positive affect on people. In the Detroit News, they talked about a thirteen year-old boy named John Prueter and the type of community service he did and the positive affect it had on him. He volunteered at the Alterra Sterling House, an assisted living home in Hampton Township. From this experience from John, he now wants to study nursing and he said he became interested in the field because of his volunteer work. This shows the positive result of community service because it can also lead you into the career path you would have never known you liked until you volunteered. Putting time into your community is a way of giving back. The Dalton School says the moral center of a community, that place where we can find the values of empathy, compassion, and caring, is the basis for civic responsibility and the success of that community. In the Washington Post by Tara Bahrampour, she writes about two high school students, Willie Grothman and Tim Phang of Washington- Lee High School experienced the success of communi ty service. They formed a community service club called the Willie Grothman Club and they held things like walking for AIDS, for the homeless and for breast cancer in an event in which they took turns walking relays all night around a track in the rain. For these events they collect pledges of money from friends and family members for each mile they walked or each bowling pin they knocked down. These guys were some of the most inspiring people because they were not just helping their community, but the people in their community who were homeless, had AIDS, etc. Not only did this club change the members lives, but also it changed the lives of others around them, and the people they were helping. Community service does not have to be a negative because it can always turn into a positive. In the Dalton School, the Washington Post, the Detroit News, and Arthur Stukas, Mark Snyder, E. Gil Clary, and Mark Hugo, they all helped me determine that community service should be a requirement to graduate because it can change peoples lives for the better. Thank you for reading my essay but I have another question, which introduction sounds better, the one above or this one: Community service is very important because it helps build character. Having community service as a requirement to graduate is a good idea because it forces students to go out in their community and help others. Community Service doesnt have to have a negative effect on students, it can have a good effect or no effect at all. Willie Grothman and Tim Phang two high school students who started a community service club that helped a lot of people in their community-, The Dalton School, and The Detroit News- who did a story on John Prueter- would agree that community service is important. Community service can be extremely valuable in the development of both character, academics and it gives students a chance to give back to their community.

Effects of Welfare Reform

Effects of Welfare Reform Kelsey Campbell Imagine being a single parent having six kids and being able to only afford a two bedroom apartment. While working two jobs just to pay bills, put food on the table, and keep the kids off the streets. Any of the kids school events are missed to pick up extra shifts for that extra dollar. Then one day someone suggests applying for Welfare benefits but what about the kids? What about their image at school? What would their friends think of them? What about the change in lifestyles? What would people think about one using the government for money? While doing some research at the library about Welfare something pops up about Welfare Reform, but what is that? Welfare Reform is when one is given a specific job by the government to complete that must be preformed to receive the welfare benefits. While continuing Welfare Reform research one discovers that with Reform benefits you can also receive money for housing, day cares, and childhood education. Now with Welfare Reform benefits one is able to work only one job while affording a household, groceries, and still yet make it to school functions to see the kids without anyone ever knowing you receive these benefits, also helping keep childrens self-esteem up and keeping the kids from feeling poor.ÂÂ   Welfare Reform greatly affects families through working parents, home care of children, and education upon children. The effects of families on Welfare Reform are through the working parents. Working parents spend their days off at work so they can tend to worry those responsibilities instead of spending quality times with their kids and family which can leave the children unsupervised while parents are away. Although the kids can suffer from the working parent, the working parent also provides the money to pay bills and support the kids. This gives the kids more money through the working parent. Also the working parent through Welfare Reform can receive health care benefits to not only protect the kids but keep them healthy. According to Brandwein the ties that bind Those with reform jobs have a better welfare benefits and better exemption options(Brandwein P32). Those who do reform over welfare accept the responsibility of an acquired job. This job is not an option and must be preformed. The better your job is the less welfare you need to receive with less welfare comes better jobs the more advan ced the job is the further youll go to achieve success with health care and insurance, this will lead to a greater extent of socially advanced and happier children. ÂÂ  While parents are a main focus on how children receive money and how children are brought up, they are also the main source of where the child lives and grows. The care effect of children depends on how children are raised. Children who grow up in foster homes are homeless and parentless. Minors without biological parents or guardians tend to feel unloved, unwanted and worthless. While foster homes are run by the government, the more kids in the system the more money the foster home receives, which also changes with foster childrens age. According to Craig foster care and welfare; Foster parents receive federal money to care for children this makes foster children tax less and foster parents tax free (Craig P124). Not only does foster care effect children whose parents use welfare but adoption can affect children if parents are on welfare. Adoption is a forever home for a child; those on welfare can adopt and dont have restrictions to adopting. Kids who enter a home on welfa re from adoption can lack the feeling of comfort and love. Similarly to how parents are an effect on childhood homes, childhood homes effect what kind of care and education children receive. The care effect of children depends on how children are developed through life. As a child grows up they may be put in day care for parents to work they may be home with a stay at home parent but schooling is inevitable, eventually a child begins school. Neither Child care nor education is cheap, according to Lowry expanding federal responsibilities, the average price to put a child through day care 5 days a week 12 months a year is about $10,000 a year while the average price to put a child through public school is close to $16,000. While on welfare reform you can receive free child care and reduced education to preform jobs, but if a job isnt preformed then child care benefits are lost (Lowry P166). This is an important citation because it proves just how expensive it to just bring children up properly.ÂÂ   Your education makes a different in what you can do in life so an education is an important part of a Childs life; a poorer education makes a poorer future. Children who come up from poorer schools receive a poorer education also making it harder to excel in higher courses at higher age levels of different schools. In conclusion, Welfare Reform has affected many families throughout the working parent, home care of children, and the education skills upon children. Throughout this paper I have explained to you the struggles of a family using Welfare reform and the benefits of a family using Welfare Reform. Remember back to the first paragraph and what parents have to do to provide for child, the struggle to feed, bath, and house children on a low income without help. Now recap on paragraph two, in this paragraph I explained the struggles on foster care and adoption homes that dont use Welfare Reform, and then what positive effects they get through using Welfare Reform; Such as having tax less children in foster care to help reduce tax for foster parents. Last we will review paragraph three, in this paragraph I explained the struggle to put children through day care or schooling with a low income without Welfare Reform, and then I proceeded to explain what benefits Welfare Reform has to help with child/day care and a childhood education. Works Cited Brandwein, Ruth A. The Ties That Bind. Battered Women, Children, and Welfare Reform, edited by Ruth A. Brandwein, SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publishers,1999, pp.54-63. McCuen, Gary. Expanding Federal Responsibilities. Welfare Reform; the Politics of Wealth and Poverty. edited by Marcia R. Lowry, Gary E. McCuen Publications Inc,1996, pp.128-139. McCuen, Gary. Foster Care and Welfare. Welfare Reform; the Politics of Wealth and Poverty. edited by Conna Craig, Gary E. McCuen publications Inc,1996, pp. 121-127.

Analysis of Knowledge Based Economies

Analysis of Knowledge Based Economies DEFINITION AND THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY â€Å"The weakness or even complete absence,of definition, is actually pervasive in the literature†¦ this is one of the many imprecisions that make the notion of â€Å"knowledge economy† so rhetorical rather than analytically useful† [1] 1. What is Knowledge Economy or Knowledge Based Economy? As Keith Smith puts it rather succinctly, the question itself comes across as rhetorical. There is no dearth of publications, texts or studies on Knowledge economy, but defining it has seldom been the prominent feature of such literature. This may be attributed to the fact that the concepts of knowledge economy or knowledge worker are difficult to pin down. As a report of CERI Washington Forum, June 1999 put it â€Å"the science of describing, understanding, and measuring knowledge will always be an imperfect one. The knowledge identified in this forum turned out to be capricious: sometimes sticky, often slippery, rarely tangible, frequently tacit, and extremely heterogeneous†.[2] This has resulted that the knowledge economy and knowledge worker are often taken as self-evident and in some cases are not tested against hard data. This also then implies that Knowledge is an abstract notion, which is constantly and continual ly being defined. â€Å"Knowledge† is perhaps the simplest of words and yet one of the most cumbersome to explain. This is primarily due to its paradoxically straightforward and simple syntax and yet its profound vastness in terms of its semantics, as its concept has evolved and escalated over millenniums of human existence. Albeit the abstractness and the intangibles associated with knowledge economy, there emerge certain definitions which aid in the understanding of the concept. 2.  Defining Knowledge.â€Å"Knowledge† can briefly be described as a person’s understanding of something or the information he/she has about something. Knowledge is what is known. It is a ‘noun’ that has synonyms, such as ‘cognition’ and ‘noesis’. Like the related concepts of truth, belief, and wisdom, there is no single definition of knowledge on which scholars agree, but rather numerous theories and continued debate exists about the nature of knowledge. In fact â€Å"knowledge† has numerous meanings, as given in dictionary. Oxford Dictionary defines knowledge as awareness, familiarity, facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; person’s range of information; or the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject[3]. It is the state of knowing something, the familiarity, awareness or understanding acquired through experience or study, the sum of what has been perceived, discovered or learned, or simply, the specific information about something or someone. Peter F. Drucker has also given a functional definition of knowledge, referring to it as information that changes something or somebody – either by becoming grounds for actions, or by making an individual (or an institution) capable of different or more effective action. But finally, in a more global sense, one might say that knowledge is reliable information that can be put to work in the service of all men, and which can be communicated in comprehensible ways, so that people everywhere can become more self-reliant and self-sufficient. 3.  Knowledge as an Economic Good. It is common knowledge today that disparities in the productivity and growth of different countries have less to do with their lack or abundance of natural resources than with their ability to improve their quality of human resources and other factors of production. The World Development Report 1999 states: ‘For countries in the vanguard of the world economy, the balance between knowledge and resources has shifted so far towards the former that knowledge has become perhaps the most important factor determining the standard of living more than land, than tools, than labour’. Today knowledge and technology are two of the key-factors of production. In fact, knowledge is considered to be the basic form of capital, and economic growth is understood to be driven by the accumulation of knowledge. 4. A knowledge based economy therefore can be defined as an economy that creates, disseminates uses knowledge to enhance its growth development. A country’s success in the knowledge-based economy depends on the creation, acquisition, dissemination application of knowledge. Knowledge creation depends on the intensity of research development (RD) conducted in a country, the availability of human resources needed for RD. 5. Knowledge acquisition is reflected in intellectual content embedded in imports from other knowledge-based economies. Linguistic skills will help to plug into the global knowledge network. Knowledge dissemination depends on the resources allocated to develop information infrastructure, basic information technology (IT) linguistic skills to tap into the information -communication technology (ICT) network. 6. Finally, knowledge application is reflected in an economy’s job market that demands and allows workers to apply knowledge extensively and its ability to create new business models for generating, acquiring, diffusing applying new ideas processes. 7. The best exponent of knowledge economy and its theory has been Peter Drucker. He apparently first used the phrase â€Å"the knowledge economy† in his 1969 book The Age of Discontinuity.[4] Thirty-two years later, still going strong, Drucker wrote in the November 2001 edition of The Economist: ‘The next society will be a knowledge society. Knowledge will be its key resource, and knowledge workers will be the dominant group in its workforce. Its three main characteristics will be:- (a) Borderlessness, because knowledge travels even more effortlessly than money. (b) Upward mobility, available to everyone through easily acquired formal education. (c) The potential for failure as well as success. Anyone can acquire the â€Å"means of production,† i.e., the knowledge required for the job, but not everyone can win.’[5] 8. But because of the varied ways in which knowledge-economy is interpreted, testable definitions of this term are difficult to state. Some more definitions of Knowledge based economies are given below:- (a)  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The idea of the knowledge-driven economy is not just a description of high-tech  industries. It describes a set of new sources of competitive advantage, which can apply  to all sectors, all companies and all regions, from agriculture and retailing to software and biotechnology† – Charles Leadbeater[6] (b)  Ã¢â‚¬ËœWe define the knowledge-economy as production and services based on knowledge intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance, as well as rapid obsolescence. The key-component of a knowledge- economy is a greater reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources’- Carlaw, Oxley Walker, 2006.[7] (c)  An economy whose growth momentum and competitive advantage are driven by dynamic investment in intellectual capital and innovative R D, with deep structural, institutional and organizational implications. [8] 9. Reading through these definitions, a few essentials of a knowledge-driven economy become quite clear ie:- (a) Innovation is a permanent feature. (b) It is an economy of networks at different hierarchical levels. (c) It embodies new forms of organization that involve industrial cooperation, polarization and relations between public and private sectors. (d) Human-capital plays a fundamental role, and the capacity to learn is more important that the level of knowledge. (e) Codified and distributed tacit-knowledge is useful. (f) Proliferation of information-related activities is evident in all sectors of the economy. Tratitional versus Knowledge Based Economy.The basic difference between a traditional knowledge-based economy is that the former depends on quantitative factors such as labour, raw materials, premises bulk transportation, among others, whereas the latter relies more on qualitative factors, namely, qualifications, RD good infrastructure. Resource-driven economies sometimes depend on a protectionist environment, whereas knowledge-based economies thrive in a friendly open policy environment, on innovation qualified lab. If the economy means traditionally the science of rarity; resources rarity versus multiple and unlimited needs, the knowledge economy in light of digital technology is an economy of abundance. This is attributed to the fact that knowledge cannot be consumed or exhausted. Rather it multiplies through the transfer to other knowledge. Whereas traditional economy resources are consumables and finite. 10.Pillars of Knowledge based Economy. There are four pillars of a knowledge based economy on it rests, sustains and prospers. These four pillars carry the equal amount of responsibility and are therefore the roots of knowledge based economy. These are:- (a)  Information Infrastructure.It deals with things like effective communication, information processing and spreading knowledge.(World Bank Team 2006) (b)  Economic and Institutional Regime (EIR).It provides benefits in terms of finance for the creation and development of knowledge and also for Knowledge reuse. (c)  Education.This pillar is one of the most important since well educated and skilled people are the main sources for using and creating knowledge effectively. (d)  Innovation.It consists of design, development and diffusion of a technology which is new to society concerned.[9] CHAPTER III KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMIES OF THE WORLD AND INDIAN CONTEXT â€Å"Throughout all the years and in everything we do, we have focused most of all on the development of human capacity, beginning with our own professional staff, and leveraging their expertise to enrich the Arab community. We have embraced the concept of the ‘knowledge worker’ and have sought to empower our people and the Arab world’s people to dream, to imagine, and to create.† Talal Abu-Ghazaleh[10] The Singapore Study.â€Å"ALTHOUGH the pace may differ, all [rich] economies are moving towards a knowledge based economy.† The OECD made this claim in 1996 and few disagree.Case in point is Singapore. The Singapore economy grew at an average annual rate of 8.5 % from 1965 to 1997 before the regional financial crisis of 1997-98. It overcame the crisis but then had to reinvent itself in order to meet the challenges of the twenty first century and maintain its record of sustained, rapid growth. Small size clubbed with lack of natural resources brought in critical labour shortages cost rise. This forced an upgrade with focus shifting to knowledge operations. Today Singapore’s status as a most admired knowledge-based city reflects how government policies have successfully negotiated the current global network economy to suit economic changes. Since the independence of Singapore in 1965, the government has successfully deployed technocrats, mainly economists and engineers wh o use their professional and technical skills in government to create and manage economic systems that will further the general good. And government policies at each phase of Singapore’s development have contributed to crafting the Singaporean culture. In recent years, for examples, Singapore’s commitment to knowledge-based economy (KBE) development has won her recognition for being the most admired knowledge city (MAKCi) in the World Capital Institute and Teleos ranking for the two years running in 2007 and 2008. With a population of 5 million and a per capita income of US$48,979[11], the government has successfully funded the growth of industrial parks focused on nurturing innovation in technology and biotech. Singapores universities receive extensive support from the government, helping to make the country an attractive destination for multinationals seeking a well-educated workforce. It has been ranked consistently amongst the top 25 in the World Bank’s Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) in recent years, numbering 23rd in 2012 World Bank comparisons. In a recent survey conducted by its Boston Consulting Group (BCG) consultants, Singapore was featured as one of the world’s most innovation-friendly countries in terms of both inputs (government policies supporting education, workforce quality, infrastructure, and trade) and performance (RD results, business performance, employment growth, and other impacts of innovation). It was ranked as number two in the Global Competitiveness Inde x of the World Economic Forum for 2012 – 2013 behind Switzerland and ahead of Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands[12] and number 4 in the Bloomberg’s Best Countries for doing Business Ratings for 2014[13]. The impressive economic growth record of Singapore in the last four decades has been achieved through continuous industrial re-structuring and technological upgrading (Wong, 2001).Singapore has continuously relied primarily on knowledge transfers through MNCs and foreign talents (Toh et al., 2002). Since the late 1990s, the Singapore government has forged an environment that is conducive to innovations, new discoveries and the creation of new knowledge and one that harnesses the intangibles such as ideas, knowledge and expertise (Ministry of the Arts and Information, Renaissance City Report, 2000). The Singapore experience, however, represents one of few examples of how knowledge can become the driving force of economic growth and transformation. Singapore’s i nformation society development trends have been shaped by its developmental state (Wong, 2004) and in the past decade, the Singapore government is keen to use content and creativity to enter the next wave of development in the so-called ‘creative economy’. [1] Keith Smith. What is the Knowledge Economy? Knowledge Intensity and Distributed Knowledge Bases,  Institute for New Technologies Discussion Paper 2002-6, The United Nations University,  June 2002). [2] John F. Kennedy and Europe by Douglas G. Brinkley and Richard T. Griffiths and Theodore C. Sorensen [3] Oxford Dictionary p 419. [4] Peter F. Drucker, The Age of Discontinuity: Guidelines to Our Changing Society (New York: Harper and Row, 1969). [5] Peter F. Drucker, â€Å"The Next Society,† The Economist (November 1, 2001), http://www.economist.com/node/770819. [6] Charles Leadbeater Welcome to the Knowledge Society, theguardian.com, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/feb/01/livingonthinair.extract [7] Beyond The Hype: Intellectual Property And The Knowledge Society/Knowledge Economy Kenneth Carlaw, Les Oxley, Paul Walker, Article first published online: 30 AUG 2006 in ournal of Economic Surveys Volume 20, Issue 4, pages 633–690, September 2006. [8] Business Outlook Michel Henry Bouchet CERAM International Workshop Seminar (2008) [9] http://ratnadholakia.blogspot.in/2010/01/what-is-knowledge-economy.html [10] Talal Abu-Ghazaleh is the chairman and founder of the international Jordan-based organisation, the Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Organization. [11] Singapore Yearbook of Statistics, 2012 [12] WEF: The Global Competitiveness Index Report, 2014-2015, Table 3, page 12. [13] http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2014-01-21/best-countries-for-business-2014.html#slide18

Essay --

Martin Luther King Jr once said in a Birmingham jail that â€Å"freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed†. For hundreds of years slavery was a must have in different parts of the world including Spain, Portugal, England, Netherlands, parts of South America, America and even the mother country Africa. Who would’ve imagined after more than 250 years of slavery, after all the violence between whites and blacks, after all the bloodshed for American dream, freedom would come in a form of a song not just any song, Negro spiritual songs sung by African Americans living in the South. Crazy huh! Many African Americans escaped the wrath of the white oppression in the south and moved up north for a better chance at life and to continue the heritage of your ancestors. Yes, you’re a runaway slave too, but instead of running away from distress, you’re learning the techniques of overcoming it as your ancestors did when whi te power was the superior denomination in America in the 19th Century. During the 1900’s slaves were plotting their escape to the north, blacks were tired of being injustice people in the United States. They wanted to be free, but there was one problem in achieving that challenge, whenever they tried to escape the south, they always found themselves walking back to their master’s plantation because they were thinking about the approaching consequence they would receive if they were caught escaping to the North. During the 1900’s the only way a black slave could ever head north, was for business reasons for their master, they would deliver supplies or letters to other slave masters in the upper southern region of the United States and return back to their plantations. Many African Ame... ...te slave masters, and Moses represented God coming down and delivering them from bondage. Go down Moses Way down in Egypt land Tell ole Pharaoh To let my people go When Israel was in Egypt land Let my people go Oppressed so hard the could not stand Let my people go â€Å"Thus spoke the Lord†, bold Moses said â€Å"If not, I’ll smite your first born dead Let my people go Another famous Negro Spiritual song used by the African Americans was â€Å"follow the drinking gourd†. The drinking gourd represents a star that helped slaves escaping at night, determine which way is north or if you were heading in the right direction to freedom. There were others ways to determine if you we’re heading north or not. The North Star was the second option for slaves heading north at night. The North Star never moved, it stayed in the same spot in the sky which made finding north a little easier.

Biography of Karl Marx Essay -- Biographies Karl Marx Essays

Biography of Karl Marx Only in the course of the world’s history can a person born over a hundred years ago be as famous today as they were back then. Karl Marx is one person that fits this category. He paved the way for people of the same political background as his own. Marx’s ideas were unique and started uproar all over Europe. Marx helped write the Communist Manifesto one of the most important pieces of literature on Communism ever written. At one time people feared Communism as a power, which prompted Marx to write the Communist Manifesto and explain his ideas. How Communism should be used as type of government. He was seen as kind of an outlaw, having to move from country to country to avoid troubles with the local governments. Karl Marx truly had a different view of how government should be run. His view was that the government should run everything that way there would be no rich and no poor, everything would be equal. He believed that the only way to make peoples lives more bearable was too eliminate classes and give everyone a fair chance at life; this was his view of Communism. Marx believed this because he saw classes as an evil creation, and that the gap was just widening between the rich and the poor. Take away a materialistic ideals and no one will be better off than someone else everything will be equal. Karl Marx was born in Moselle, Germany on May 15, 1818 into a middle class home. On both sides of Marx’s family was a long line of Rabbis. But the only way for his father to keep his job as a lawyer in Trier, Germany was to be baptized as a Protestant. He had no choice but to go along with this so that he could still be one of the most respected lawyers in Trier. When Karl Marx was 17 he enrol... ...e poor and suffering. Revolutions started from what he preached, but he never had an easy life. That is part of the reason why he is such an important figure because he believed in his ideas so strongly that he would give his life for his cause. Although he meant well no one has ever thrived under such a government. But Marx is still is important in history for the way he thought and how he changed the way people thought. He influenced people but classes are still around today. Works Cited Coser, Lewis A. Marxist Thought in the first Quarter of the 20th Century University of New York. Page 2. Kries, Steven. The History Guide Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History Karl Marx 1818-1883. Aug 7 2000 Copyright 2000. â€Å"Quotes from the Philosopher Karl Marx.† http://www.philosophy.about.com/homework/philosophy/library/blqmarx.htm Mar. 10 2002.

Essay examples --

The Not So Great Macbeth In â€Å"Macbeth† written by William Shakespeare the main character Macbeth is a general in the Scottish army. After Macbeth and Banquo another general return from battle they encounter three witches the witches give Macbeth and Banquo three Prophesies. The witches prophesy that Macbeth will be made thane (a rank of Scottish nobility) of Cawdor and eventually King of Scotland. They also prophesy that Banquo will produce a line of Scottish kings although Banquo will never become king himself. King Duncan’s men come to thank the two generals for their victories in battle and to tell Macbeth that he has been named thane of Cawdor. The previous thane betrayed Scotland by fighting for the Norwegians and Duncan has condemned him to death. Macbeth’s wife Lady Macbeth hears about king Duncan coming to their castle and try’s to persuade Macbeth to murder king Duncan. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncan’s two chamberlains drunk so they will black out; th e next morning they will blame the murder on the chamberlains, who will be defenseless, as they will remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural visions, including a vision of a bloody dagger. Macbeth now becomes king and Fearful of the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s heirs will seize the throne, Macbeth hires a group of murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. They ambush Banquo on his way to a royal feast, but they fail to kill Fleance, who escapes but kills Banquo. Lady Macbeth later kills herself while sleepwalking and Macbeth becomes depressed. Later Macduff comes with his army and beheads Macbeth. And Malcolm becomes king. In Shakespeare’s ... ...control his fate is when he goes to the witches and they show him a line of kings who all resemble Banquo, suggesting that Banquo’s sons will indeed be kings. â€Å" Thou art too like the spirit of Banquo. Down! Thy crown does sear mine eyeballs† (pg. 386) So Macbeths sends murders to go kill Bonquo and his son Fleance But they only kill Bonquo and his son Fleance escapes which means that he could still possibly become king and that angered Macbeth so that showed that Macbeth wouldnt let anything mess up his fate and that he is trying to control every aspect of it and that he would go to great lengths to control it. So all of those examples were of how Macbeth tried to seal his fate and just how far he would go to Control it but in the end like all things it came to an end and Macbeth really couldn’t do much at that point to control his fate and was beheaded by Macduff.

Who benefits from take over resistance tactics

Who benefits from take over resistance tactics? According to the finance literature, a takeover is a process whereby a firm acquires another firm, resulting in a change of the controlling interest of the acquired firm. Takeovers can occur through acquisitions, proxy contests and going-private transactions. They can be friendly when the management of the target firm is receptive to the bidder offer or they can be hostile when target firm managers resist takeover attempts by using defensive tactics. According to Ross et al (2010), takeovers can result in change of firm policies, layoffs, terminations, or overhaul of business operations.To analyze who benefits from a takeover resistance tactic, we should first examine the reasons or motivations of the defensive tactic by target firm managers. According to Ruback (1987), managers resist takeovers for the following reasons: Managers believe that firm has hidden values, this is due to the private information they have about the firms futur e prospects that is not available to the public and when managers assess the takeover bid by comparing the offer price with what they believe is the fair value of the firm (incorporating the private information) and the offer price turns out to be less, managers will oppose the offer.Managers believe the resistance will increase offer price, therefore, their attempt to resist slows the bid and create opportunity to an increase of the tender offer as the bidder after an initial unsuccessful friend offer, tries to buy through a tender offer and if not successful, try the auction for the firm. According to Ruback (1983) cited in Ruback (1987), the final offer price exceeded the initial offer price by 23% in 48 competitive tender offers between 1962-81.Managers may want to preserve their Jobs and positions, especially when they are ware that the bidder intends to replace the target firm's management. Target firm managers use a variety of defensive tactics to avoid takeovers, from alteri ng the terms of directors where managers amend charters of the firm to make takeovers more difficult; golden parachutes related to severance packages payable to managers in the event of takeover, increasing the cost of acquisition; poison pills provision that are deterrent to the acquirer diluting for example the acquirers share in the firm.Other tactics after the company in in play include greenmail and standstill agreement, white knight and white squire, recapitalization and repurchases where managers issue debt to repurchase shares aising the market share price, making it less attractive to the bidder; exclusionary self-tenders and asset restructuring. These tactics are built by management for self- protection reasons, being severe, (blocking takeovers) or soft tactics with no substantial impact on the offer price.However, empirical evidence shows that although manager's defensive tactics may sometime rarely shareholders by increasing wealth, in general, these tactics do not have a positive impact in the share price of the target firm. According to DeAnglelo and Rice (1983) cited in Ruback (1987. p56-57), they found no evidence of share price reaction to adoption of orporate charters amendment when analyzing 53 firms using staggered boards as well as the ettect ot super majority provision. Ho ( 6) cited in Ruback 7), tound no evidence of existence of abnormal return for a sample of 23 poison pills.This conclusion is also consistent with findings of Kidder, Peabody and Company for a sample of 167 poison pills where no stock price change was observed. Evidence by Dann and DeAngelo (1983) proves that there is a negative stock price reaction with the use of standstill agreements by -4% whereas, greenmails, cause a negative stock reaction of -3%. Dann and DeAngelo (1986) cited in Ruback (1987), analyzed 20 transactions where they found that acquisitions and divestitures, reduce by 2% the share price of the target firm. In general, empirical evidence supports the idea that manager's defensive tactics are harmful to the target firm value.For example, Bates et al (2012) reported that Microsoft Corporation offered USD 47 billion to Yahoo in 2008, a premium above 60% however; this offer was rejected by Yahoo executives. Following Microsoft's withdrawal of the acquisition bid, Yahoo's shares dropped by 1 5%; the CEO of Yahoo was later replaced for this costly and selfish behavior. According to Bradley et al (1988) cited in Devos (2009), companies merge to benefit from synergies. For a sample of 236 successful tender offers from 1963-1884, they noted that the equity value for the combined firms increased by 7,4% in average.Synergy is when the combined firm value exceeds the value of the acquirer and acquired firm before the acquisition. Therefore, synergy is attached to the incremental cash flows, coming from revenue enhancement, cost reduction, tax gains and reduced capital requirements. According to Brealey (2003), acquisitions can happen in th ree basic forms, merger or consolidation, acquisition of stock and cquisition of assets. The merger is the incorporation of assets and liabilities of one firm by another and the acquirer maintains its name whereas the acquired firm ceases to exist.The main advantage of this method over others rely on the minimum costs incurred on mergers as they do not require the transfer of title deed of individual assets of the acquired firm to the acquiring firm which is costly provided that the merger is approved. In addition, in the transfer of assets form according to Ross et al (2010), minority shareholders often cause problems to the majority shareholders. The acquisition of stock as we saw above, can be costly to the bidder because of the defensive tactics used by the target firm managers as an attempt to avoid the takeover.Therefore, the outcome aimed by the acquiring firm may not be achieved as the tender price may be pushed us, above the real market value of the acquired firm.

Introduction To Disaster Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Catastrophes are seen as the consequence of jeopardies on vulnerable countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe. Great harm, loss, devastation and desolation to life and belongings are the consequences of Disasters. The unmeasurable harm caused by catastrophe varies with the geographical location. In the concerned countries catastrophes have the undermentioned effects: It wholly upsets the normal twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Detrimentally carry the exigency systems Depending on the strength and badness of the catastrophe the normal demands and procedures are severely affected and deteriorated. Catastrophes are the consequence of jeopardy on vulnerable or defenceless countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe.1.1.2 Types of Catastrophes:Catastrophes can be classified as: Natural catastrophe Human-Made catastrophe1 ) Natural Catastrophes:Natural catastrophes are the consequence of biological, geological, seismal, hydrologic or meteoric conditions. They are a menace to, people, constructions and economic assets Few illustrations are: Earthquake Cyclones Hurricanes Floods Landslides2 ) Human-Made Catastrophes:Human-made catastrophes are Emergency state of affairss which are the consequences of calculated human actions. They involves state of affairss in which people suffers casualties, losingss of basic services and agencies of support. Few illustrations are: Oil Spill An aeroplane clang War Civil discord Major fire1.1.3 Difference between EMERGENCY and DISASTERstate of affairss:A state of affairs in which community is CAPABLE of get bying is EMERGENCY. Emergency state of affairss are generated by a existent happening of events that require immediate attending of exigency resources. A state of affairs in which community is INCAPABLE of get bying is DISASATER. Catastrophe state of affairss are natural or human-caused events which causes terrible negative impact on community.1.2 WHAT IS A HAZARD?1.2.1 Definition:Hazard is a opportunity or possibility of being injured or harmed. OR Hazard is the possibility of puting yourself unfastened to loss or bad luck. Hazards can be classified into two Manners: Dormant Mode Active Mode1 ) Dormant Mode:The state of affairs that has the possible to be risky, but no people, or environment is presently affected by this. For illustration: An unstable hillside, has a potency for a landslide but there is nil below or on the hillside that could be affected.2 ) Active Manner:An incident in which jeopardy has really occurred, making an Emergency state of affairss or Catastrophes.Categorization of Hazards:Hazard can besides be classified as: Natural Hazard Man-made HazardNatural Hazard:Definition: These jeopardies are caused by a natural procedure. Examples of some Natural jeopardies are: 1 ) Volcanic Volcanic eruptions: Ashs and different toxic gases are expelled through vents from deep inside the Earth 2 ) Droughts: A portion of a land suffers from deficiency of rain during specific period of clip which causes terrible harm to the harvests, dirt, animate beings and people besides. 3 ) Tsunami: Very big moving ridges which caused by an Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions knocks into a shore.1.2.4 Man-made Hazard:Definition: These jeopardies are created by worlds. Examples of some Man-made jeopardies are: Global Heating: Projected additions in the Earth ‘s ambiance ‘s mean temperature. In the twentieth century the Earth ‘s mean temperature rose about 0.6 degree Celsius. Crime: It is a sort of Sociological jeopardy. Crime is a breach of Torahs and regulations. For illustration Breach of contract. Industrial Hazard: It is a sort of Technological jeopardy. Industrial jeopardies frequently have an environmental impact. For illustration Bhopal Disaster ( worst industrial catastrophe to day of the month ) .1.3 VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY AND RISK:1.3.1 Vulnerability:Definition: Susceptibility of a individual, group or society to physical or emotional hurt. OR Person or group apt to injury. Equally far as Hazards and Catastrophes are concern, the construct of Vulnerability is to associate the relationship that people have with their environment to societal forces and establishments and the cultural values that sustain them.1.3.2 Capacity:Definition: Within a community all the available resources, that can cut down hazard degree and catastrophe effects. Frequent term used in Disaster is ‘Capacity constructing ‘ . Capacity edifice is the attempts to develop human accomplishments within a community to cut down hazard degrees.1.3.3 Hazard:Definition: Occurrence chance of a jeopardy that trigger a catastrophe with an unwanted result. Hazard involves an exposure to a opportunity hurt or loss. Risk by and large described in footings of chance. Hazard can besides be defined as the chance of a loss, hazard depends on three elements: Hazard Vulnerability Exposure1.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE:1.4.1 What is Disaster Management?Main thought: To forestall catastrophes wherever possible or to extenuate or decrease those catastrophes which are inevitable. Through Public consciousness and Hazard direction catastrophes could be prevented or mitigated.1.4.2 What is Disaster Management rhythm?Definition: Disaster Management Cycle is a rhythm which has stages to cut down or forestall catastrophes. It is a cyclic procedure it means the terminal of one stage is the beginning of another stage, although following stage can be started before the completion of old stage. Some times several stages are taking topographic point at the same time. During each stage, timely determination devising can consequences in greater readiness, better warnings, and forestall farther catastrophes. The complete Disaster Management rhythm includes the defining of public policies and programs that addresses the causes of catastrophes and decreasing their effects on people, belongings and substructure.1.5 PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENTCycle:Disaster Management Cycle has four stages: Phase 1- Mitigation Phase 2 – Readiness Phase 3 – Response Phase 4 – Recovery1.5.1 Phase 1 – Extenuation:1.5.1.1 Goal:The Goal of Mitigation activities is to acquire rid of or cut down the catastrophe happening chance, or to extenuate the effects of ineluctable catastrophes.Definition:Extenuation refers to all actions taken before a catastrophe to minimise its impacts. Examples: Public instruction Building codifications and districtingExtenuation includes:Reviewing edifice codifications Zoning and land-use direction Implementing preventive wellness stepsThere are two types of Mitigation activities:Structural Extenuation: It refers to building undertakings to cut down economic and societal impacts. Non-structural extenuation: They are the policies which raise consciousness of jeopardies. Non-structural extenuation activities besides encourage developments to decrease catastrophe impact. Through Mitigation we can educate concerns and populace in order to cut down loss or hurt.At place Mitigation activities:In your place Strengthening vulnerable countries such as roof tops, exterior doors and Windowss. In your place construct a safe room.1.5.2 Phase 2 – Readiness:1.5.2.1 Goal:The end of Preparedness activities is: for any exigency state of affairs, achieve a satisfactory degree of preparedness through plans that support the proficient capacity of authorities.1.5.2.2 Definition:Readiness activities are the Plans/preparations made to salvage lives or belongings.1.5.2.3 Preparedness includes:Implementation/operation Systems of early warning. Readiness programs Emergency exercisings Emergency communicating systems Public instruction Through early warning systems people will respond suitably when any early warning is issued. Preparedness actions depend upon the incorporation of suited steps for development programs at national and regional degree. To salvage lives and minimise catastrophe harm, persons, authorities and organisation develop programs and this all is done in Preparedness stage.1.5.2.4 Disaster Preparedness and DisasterExtenuation:Catastrophe extenuation and Disaster Preparedness go manus in manus. To guarantee that bing substructure can defy the forces of catastrophe, catastrophe readiness includes execution of extenuation steps.1.5.3 Phase 3 – Response:1.5.3.1 Goal:The end of Response is to give instant aid to keep life, better wellness and keep up the morale of affected population.1.5.3.2 Disaster Response includes:Helping refugees with conveyance. Give impermanent shelter and nutrient. Establish semi lasting colony in cantonments. Repairing harm substructure. The basic demands of people are more focussed in Response stage until lasting solutions can be found.1.5.4 Phase 4 – Recovery:1.5.4.1 Goal:To assist people reconstructing their lives and substructure every bit shortly as possible.1.5.4.2 Types of Recovery Activities:Recovery activities can be: Short term recovery activities Long term recovery activities Until all system return to normal or better, recovery activities continues.1.5.4.3 Recovery activities in catastrophes include:Constructing Temporary lodging. Public information. Educating public about Health and safety instruction. Hiding plans for people. Reconstruction Economic impact surveies From recovery to long-run sustainable development there should be smooth passage.DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE ANDEMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:1.6.1 Ems:EMS is the acronym for Emergency Management System. EMS can ease the effectual direction of Disasters. Information Technology can better the system of Disaster Management and back up all the stages of the DMC ( Disaster Management Cycle )1.6.2 PHASE I: Extenuation and Prevention:To cut down the impact of catastrophes, effectual Disaster Management plays a cardinal function. Disaster Management uses different effectual technological tools to assist the procedure of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For illustration:Tracking system:the lading of Hazard Management ( HAZMAT ) can be track by progress Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment transporting Hazardous stuffs deviates from its path centres of Disaster Management issues presentment to direction centres.Inventory systems:For any exigency state of affairss Inventory Systems ensures that the suffient supplies are available. It monitors the stock list degrees of of import equipment and supplies and keep the record of of import supplies on regular footing in signifier of Databases.Detection:For observing and supervising the risky lading, Roadside Detectors are used. These Roadside sensors besides confirm that lading is non diverting for its path. 1.6.3 PHASE II: Readiness: Preparedness trades with the development of programs before any exigency or black state of affairss. Emergency direction system helps Phase II of DMC via technological services like:Telemedicine:It is a connexion between ambulances which are reacting and exigency medical installations available really near. By utilizing telemedicine physicians can give advices to medical forces for the intervention of those patients who are on the manner to infirmary.Advanced ACN:Advanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated hit presentment. They inform exigency forces through vehicle mounted detectors and wireless communicating about incidents like hits or clangs. They besides tell the incident ‘s exact location and features. 1.6.4 PHASE III and IV: Response and Recovery: To supply immediate aid or aid to the population affected by catastrophes is the Goal of Response Phase. While the Goal of Recovery Phase is the Restoration of people ‘s unrecorded every bit shortly as possible after the catastrophe or any exigency state of affairs. Emergency direction System with the aid of Technology can assist the Response and Recovery phases through different systems and package like:Scheduling and Coordination package:In order to do the response procedure organized, structured and efficient complicated scheduling system can supervise and organize many response activities.Early on Warning System:In transit substructure a huge assortment of detectors are used which provide an early warning systems. This early warning system used to observe large-scale catastrophes and exigencies and besides semisynthetic catastrophe or technological catastrophe. Large-scale catastrophes include temblors, tsunamis etc and man-made or t echnological catastrophes include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorist act, atomic power works accidents.Response direction:Emergency vehicle fleets can be track by Response direction by utilizing the engineering of Automated vehicle location ( AVL ) and bipartisan communicating between starters and exigency vehicles.Chapter No:2TYPES OF Catastrophe:2.1 Introduction:Harmonizing to [ 11 ] CRED ( Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster ) , Belgium, defines Disaster as: â€Å" A catastrophe is a state of affairs or event which overwhelms local capacity, asking a petition to a national or international degree for external aid † OR Catastrophe is besides defined as ‘Great harm, loss or devastation consequences from a sudden ruinous event ‘ . Many [ 11 ] different types of events like conditions or Earth ‘s geology are represented by Disasters. There exist a close association between a catastrophe and utmost conditions events like cyclones, inundations, twisters etc. The database of catastrophe events are maintained by CRED. It maintained the catastrophe events from 1900 to show.Possible causes of increase in catastrophes:There [ 11 ] are many causes for addition in catastrophes but some common causes are as under: Environmental alterations related to economic development may impact the potency for catastrophes. Change of Global clime from the build-up of nursery gases may take to a greater frequence of utmost conditions events ( heat moving ridges ) in the hereafter, every bit good as sea degree rise. Several bing coastlines may be threatened in this event. Industrialization without controls may increase the hazard for technological catastrophes. Consumption of fossil fuels with industrialisation.2.1.1 What are the Types of Disasters?Catastrophes can [ 1 ] be loosely classified harmonizing to their: Causes – Natural or Man-made catastrophe Speed of onset – Sudden or Decelerate Earthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the illustrations of Natural catastrophes. The two most common illustrations of Man-made catastrophes are ‘The Bhopal gas release ‘ and the ‘Chernobyl atomic accident ‘ . Forest fires ( initiated by adult male ) may be another illustration. There can be a sudden oncoming or slow oncoming of catastrophe. Sudden or Quick oncoming of catastrophe agencies they can happen all of a sudden in clip and slow oncoming of catastrophe agencies they may develop over a period of clip or bit by bit.2.2 NATURAL DISASTES:2.2.1 Definition:Natural [ 1 ] catastrophe occurs of course in propinquity to, and present a menace to people, constructions or economic asserts. They are caused by biological, geological conditions or procedures in the natural environment for illustration cyclones, temblors, tsunamis, inundations etc. Few illustrations of Natural catastrophes are: Earthquake Tsunami Flood Cyclone Now I will discourse above Natural catastrophes.2.2.2 Earthquake:Earthquake is the quiver of Earth ‘s surface due to belowground motions. Earthquakes besides called as shudder or earthquake. Sudden release of energy in the Earth ‘s crust leads to a natural catastrophe called Earthquake. This sudden release of energy moving ridges are called as seismal moving ridges. Epicenter of temblor is called as the beginning point of these seismal moving ridges. Among the most unpredictable natural catastrophes people can see, Earthquake is the 1. During temblors 10s of 1000s of people are put in danger.Some International Statistics of Earthquake:More than half a million deceases worldwide caused by Earthquake between 1999 and 2009. Each twelvemonth more than one million Earthquakes occur worldwide.Measurement of Earthquake:To mensurate the size of an Earthquake there are many ways. Some of these ways depend upon the damaged sum caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismal energy generated by the temblor. To mensurate temblor there are two graduated tables which are really popular: Seismograph Richter graduated tableSeismograph:Seismic moving ridges are generated by Earthquakes these moving ridges can be detected by a sensitive instrument called Seismograph. Nowadays Digital seismographs are high-technology seismographs which can enter land agitating over seismal amplitude and screens wide set of frequences that is why they are besides called as Broadband Seismograph.The survey of Seismograph is called as ‘Seismology ‘ .Richter graduated table:Earthquake ‘s strength and magnitude can be represented by Richter graduated table. If the strength of temblor is 3 on a Richter graduated table so that temblor is non harmful. Highly harmful temblor has the reading of 7 or above on the Richter graduated table. Presents modified versions of Richter graduated tables are used for temblor measuring throughout the universe. Richter graduated table is besides called as Richter magnitude graduated table because it measures the magnitude of temblor.2.2.3 Tsunami:Ocean [ 1 ] moving ridge generated by undersea temblor, powerful volcanic eruption or submerged landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami [ 12 ] frequently generated by temblor in a subduction zone ( an country where an pelagic home base is being forced down into the mantle by home base tectonic forces ) . Tsunami besides called as seismal sea moving ridge. Sudden Large supplanting of H2O causes Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great velocity across the unfastened ocean and builds into big deathly moving ridges in a shallow H2O of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple moving ridges with an highly low period and wavelength. The [ 1 ] largest temblor event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, mensurating 8.3 on the Richter graduated table. The event originated in Tonga ( about 200km South of Apia ) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 meters runups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than 10 ( 10 ) proceedingss from its point of beginning, intending it travelled at a velocity of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an temblor occurs, you must listen to the tsunami warning, for illustration, people populating in low-lying coastal countries must relocate to higher and safer evidences instantly.Tsunami velocity:Tsunami in a Pacific ocean can go at velocities up to 450mph ( half of the velocity of sound ) . The tallness of Tsunami moving ridges are about 30 to 100 feets.Damage caused by Tsunami:Significant [ 13 ] sum of harm can be caused by Tsunamis. Entire coastal small towns can be destroyed by a individual Tsunami. It can take all the sand from the beach sand which took hundred of old ages to roll up.Safety:The attack [ 13 ] of Tsunami can be determined by many technological methods but nature has its ain methods of warning people. If in a certain country the coastal H2O is abnormally high or low, so this is the warning for Tsunami.2.2.4 Floods:Flood occurs when [ 1 ] big sum of H2O flow from river or from broken pipe onto a antecedently dry country. The beginning of inundation can be really [ 11 ] quick or they may develop over a period of yearss or hebdomads following an drawn-out period of rain or speedy thaw of snow. Flash inundation have sudden oncoming. Drowning is the chief jeopardy from deluging. This is most common in brassy inundation. The common hazard factor for brassy inundation victims is driving in an car, many victims of brassy inundation drown within their vehicle.Health concern from implosion therapy:A longer [ 11 ] term wellness concern from implosion therapy is the development of disease from afloat sanitation Stationss. Large inundations pose a jeopardy to bing sanitation and imbibing H2O systems.Importance of Implosion therapy:For [ 1 ] local e cosystem, implosion therapy can be environmentally of import. For illustration some river inundations bring foods to dirty such as in Egypt where the one-year implosion therapy of the Nile River carries foods to otherwise dry land. Flood besides affect economic system.How to extenuate impact of inundation:pre-event [ 11 ] steps: early warning for brassy inundation events public instruction on inundation jeopardies like car drive post-event steps: keeping proper sanitation system proper control of population2.2.5 Cyclones:Chapter no 3THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT:Introduction:The Advanced Information Technology plays a great function in planning and execution of different steps for the decrease of jeopardies. The advanced information engineering includes: Gilbert Remote Feeling Satellite Communication Internet The quality and analysis power of natural jeopardies can be update by Geographic Information System ( GIS ) . In the choice of extenuation steps GIS can direct development activities. The designation of risky countries and before clip warning for many future catastrophes can be done by Remote Feeling Communication orbiters contribute a batch to supply communicating in exigency state of affairss and timely alleviation steps. For jeopardy decrease the add-on of infinite engineering inputs into monitoring of natural catastrophes and mechanisms of extenuation is really of import3.2 WHAT IS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT:The direction of exigencies refering all jeopardies, including all activities and hazard direction steps related to bar and extenuation, readiness, response and recovery. Emergency direction can reconstruct and reconstruct society back to functional degree in no clip after a catastrophe. The basic intent of exigency direction is to: 1 ) Save as many lives as possible 2 ) To protect and continue the environment 3 ) To protect the economic system3.2.1 Emergency Management System:Definition: It is a technological tool used to better and heighten the Emergency Disaster Management. Emergency direction system can assist Disaster Management in several countries, such as:Materials:To guarantee that the warehouse is stock with all the points needed for national endurance in any catastrophe, before any abroad aid reaching.Work force:In first assistance and shelter direction train forces.Emptying Plans:Testing of General catastrophe and Evacuation program.Communication:To set up dependable Communication system.Transportation system:To set up effectual Transportation plans for illustration transit through air which facilitates the ‘food bringing supplies ‘ procedure to the victims of affected countries which are cut-off from any vehicular traffic. Examples of Emergency Management System at work:Management of Hazardous Materials ( HAZMAT ) :By agencies of Air, Sea and Land, EMS provides unafraid transit of unsafe and risky stuffs. EMS uses particular devices for tracking the cargo of HAZMAT.Emergency medical services:EMS notifies the exigency forces with of import and valuable information on exigency incidents. For illustration EMS is equipped with machine-controlled hit presentment system to observe vehicle hit.Recovery and Response:EMS has efficient Detectors which can observe natural catastrophes and warn population before manus.IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:Through Information Technology the agony of the catastrophe victims can be minimized. There are several tools of Information Technology which are utile in the direction of any catastrophe. In this Report I am concentrating the undermentioned Information Technology tools used in Disaster Management: Geographic Information System ( GIS ) Remote Feeling Global Positioning System ( GPS )3.3.1 GIS in Disaster Management:3.3.1.1 Introduction:GIS is the acronym for ‘Geographic Information System ‘ . For Disaster Management GIS can work in many ways, such as: They are the sort of information system which are good capable of hive awaying, incorporating, analysing, redacting, sharing, and exposing the information which is geographically-referenced. GIS can make the synergistic questions, edit informations and different maps and can easy show the concluding consequences of all these operations. The quality and power of analysis of appraisals of natural jeopardies can be improved by GIS. In the choice of extenuation steps, exigency readiness and response action, GIS besides guide and help different development activities.Applications of GIS:For the undermentioned activities GIS applications are really utile.Creation of hazard stock list map:At all the territory and inter-municipal degrees, the developmental undertaking ‘s pre-feasibility survey can be really expeditiously done by GIS.To locate of import installations:Through GIS we can take information on physical locations of drains, shelters and other physical installations.Management and Creation of associated Database:Planners can do undertakings at feasibleness degree. These undertakings can used to do hazard maps for bing metropoliss, catastrophe readiness planning and alleviation activities after catastrophe.Vulnerability appraisal:To spread out Disaster Management organisations by making consciousness of catast rophe with authorities and populace is done by advanced and synergistic engineering tool GIS.Emergency shelters and the usage of GIS:Shelter [ 1 ] operators use GIS engineering to take the personal inside informations of individuals being housed at the shelters. GIS engineering would besides give information to the shelter operators on the general make-up of the shelter like that how many kids, grownups, disable or any particular resident are in the shelter or demand shelter.Relief Distribution and the usage of GIS:GIS generate maps of the affected countries where clump of victims are located so with the aid of these maps ‘food beads ‘ procedures will take topographic point. These maps will besides place the alone demands of individuals within these Bunches.Vulnerable countries:The countries which are prone to catastrophes are highlighted by GIS. This will assist the catastrophe directors to make be aftering before the happening of catastrophe and it besides facilitates the coordination of attempts during and after the event.GIS Advantages:There are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as under: It can [ 1 ] represent spacial information over a broad geographic country. To take more elaborate position of contents GIS uses 3D artworks. Integration of different information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, theoretical accounts and other signifiers of artworks. GIS distributes updated informaton. It besides expeditiously analyzes, collects and manage that information. For persons who wants to utilize GIS merely small tranning is required. This characteristic of GIS makes it various and easy to utilize.3.3.1.4 Challenges of utilizing GIS in Disaster Management:GIS [ 1 ] can sometimes uncover personal and people-specific information which can significantly impact people ‘s life. Form GIS information sometimes critical and difficult determinations have to be taken in the best involvement of affected people. To acquire the end product which is meaningful and utile from the system, big sums of inputs are required. GIS delayed the determination doing procedure during exigency because it require immense sum of information and huge sum of clip to analyse that information.Disaster Management Cycle and GIS:Planning:To [ 1 ] recognize the demand for be aftering which is based on the present hazard is the most of import phase of DM. For frontward be aftering GIS plays a cardinal function. GIS provides a construction for catastrophe directors to see spacial informations by computing machine based maps.Extenuation:For structural and non-structural extenuation, GIS can play really of import function. Areas which are at hazard are spatially represented by GIS. GIS besides identifies the hazard degree associated with peculiar jeopardy. Catastrophe directors use GIS to find the degree of alleviative constructions that should be in topographic point given the exposure of an country or population.Readiness:GIS can play a critical function in the designation of resources and countries which are at hazard. The nexus between spouses and critical bureaus is established by GIS and the usage of GIS in the constitution of that nexus will assist catastrophe directors to cognize the location of Stationss of relevant spouse bureaus. In the context of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can supply information on the human resources nowadays in an Emergency Operation Centre every bit good as on the land forces such as security, wellness suppliers and other cardinal respondents. This is peculiarly utile since the engineering can assist with strategic arrangement of exigency forces where it matters most. Through GIS we can do certain that communicating webs and route substructure are capable of managing the effects of catastrophesResponse:By utilizing GIS, users can take accurate and dependable information of the location of an exigency state of affairs from GIS and in this manner GIS can salvage tonss of clip needed to find the location of problem countries. Once the issues ( issues like paths to the country ) are known GIS can supply speedy response to affected countries. To indicate out emptying paths and other emptying affairs in exigencies, GIS can be used as a floor usher.Recovery:GIS can supply a outline of what has been damaged, where, and the figure of individuals or establishments that were affected. To the recovery procedure this sort of information is rather utile.Distant Sensing in DisasterManagement:3.3.2.1 Introduction:In Remote Sensing [ 1 ] a recording device ( which is non in physical contact with the object ) is used to acquire the information about an object or phenomenon, that entering device utilizations EMW ( Electronic Magnetic Waves ) radiations. The Goal of EMW or Electromagnetic Waves is the transit of information and energy from one topographic point to another. Cellular webs, Microwave ovens and x-ray machines used EMW. Distant Sensing include semisynthetic detectors, these detectors are attached to orbiters and aircrafts. Alternatively of sing a far off planet from Earth, the feeling equipment is normally high above looking down at our ‘distant ‘ planet – Earth. Distant in this context can intend merely a few hundred pess operating expense or stat mis above the Earth ‘s surface3.3.2.2 Applications of Remote Sensing:Remote Sensing is one of the developed and successful tool in Disaster Management. Some applications of Remote Sensing are as under: By utilizing Remote Feeling the jeopardy and hazard mold of many catastrophes like Tsunamis, hurricanes, temblors and disease pandemics can be done. We can utilize Remote Sensing based early warning systems for many natural catastrophes like Floods, Tsunamis, Earthquakes etc. After catastrophe, harm appraisal can be done by Satellites and airborne detectors.3.3.2.3 Remote Sensing Advantages:The Advantages of Remote Sensing are as under: The users of Remote Sensing do non hold to be in direct contact with the danger zones. This engineering saves tonss of clip. Remote Sensing engineering can gives the clear image of really big country of land. It can easy observe characteristics at wavelengths which are even non seeable to bare oculus. For frontward planning and Reconstruction of any affected country, Remote Sensing plays an of import function by giving clear and big image of those countries. By utilizing Remote Feeling the reappearance of the same event in the hereafter can be prevented. It can assist in harm appraisal monitoring. We can routinely and on a regular basis obtain and enter information.Categorization of Remote Sensing:There are [ 1 ] three parts of Wavelength in Remote Sensing: Brooding infrared and Visible Remote Sensing Thermal infrared Remote Feeling Microwave Remote Feeling Brief description of the above wavelength categorization for Remote Sensing is given below:Brooding infrared and Visible Remote Detection:Everyday visible radiation and infrared optical masers are the most common applications of the reflective infrared and seeable Remote Feeling with wavelength scope of 0.4 to 0.8 microns. For the comparing of before and after events of catastrophe we can utilize seeable Remote Sensing.Thermal infrared Remote Sensing:We can image temperature differences by utilizing infrared detectors. Temperature differences like thermic pollution in rivers or temperature differences near any vent can easy represented by utilizing infrared detectors. Infrared detectors developed a fact that all objects emits Electromagnetic Radiation, these Electromagnetic Radiation are called as ‘blackbody radiation ‘ . These black body radiation has a peculiar wavelength which is relative to the temperature of the surface of an object. We can besides see the peculiar portion of electromagnetic spectrum ( EM spectrum are the series of electromagnetic moving ridges with peculiar wavelength ) by utilizing infrared detectors.Microwave Remote Sensing:The other type of Remote Sensing is the ‘Microwave Remote Sensing ‘ . As the name implies, it uses microwaves for Remote Sensing and these moving ridges are non merely less affected by atmospheric conditions but besides they can image beneath or through objects. There are two board classs of Remote Sensing: Passive Remote Sensing Active Remote Sensing Descriptions of these two classs are as under:Passive Remote Detection:This sort of Remote Sensing uses detectors. These detectors detect the reflected or emitted Electromagnetic Radiations from natural beginnings for illustration Sunlight.Active Remote Detection:The detectors used in Active Remote Sensing detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from unnaturally generated energy beginnings for illustration Radars or sonar devices used by ships and imaging systems.Challenges of utilizing Remote Detection:Challenges for utilizing Remote Feeling are as under: To construct and run Remote Sensing system is non cost effectual. Activities which are little sized are hard to sketch on Remote Sensing imagination. Expert accomplishments may necessitate to construe the informations obtained from Remote Sensing. Resolution is frequently harsh. Particular Detectors with really high spacial declaration are required for parts which are little size.Disaster Management and Remote Sensing:Professionals [ 2 ] for Disaster Management can utilize Distant Feeling to do the effectual undertaking be aftering really much possible and more accurate now so of all time earlier. The purpose of experts in Disaster Management is to supervise the state of affairs, imitate the complicated natural phenomenon every bit accurately as possible so as to propose better eventuality programs and fix spacial databases. Proper Disaster Management which includes catastrophe bars, catastrophe readiness and speedy and sufficient catastrophe alleviation can sufficiently cut down the impact of natural catastrophes. States which have more beforehand warning systems and edifice codifications can make successful remote detection of the Earth to foretell the happening of black phenomena and to warn people on clip. With the addition of natural catastrophes and semisynthetic catastrophes it is necessary to utilize technological progresss to decrease the effects of catastrophes. Distant Sensing can be really utile to extenuate the effects of Natural Disasters like Earthquakes, Flooding, Hurricanes, Volcanic eruption and Landsliding.Remote Sensing and Earthquake:We can utilize Remote Sensing Technology ( RCT ) for seismal hazard extenuation intent. Remote Feeling like Satellite imagination can be used for temblor readiness. On good declaration orbiter imagination, Active mistakes and Structures associated with temblors can be good identified. Structural and non-structural jeopardies can be identified and minimized by utilizing distant feeling engineering. For illustration by utilizing LandSat imagination tool we can place and minimise the effects of Structural and Non-structural jeopardies. States which are more prone to temblor usage Satellite Remote Sensing Technology ( RST ) for early seismal warning. The quality [ 1 ] of assistance that can be provided after an temblor can be well improved by utilizing Remote Sensing. After major temblor has taken topographic point the hunt and deliverance activities are best affected by distant detection. Distant detection can besides used for making deep hunts in the countries which have considerable sum of dust and collapsed constructions.Recent Development:Nowadays Airborne and Satellite RSTs can be used for garnering damaged informationRemote Sensing and Volcanic Volcanic eruptions:Around [ 2 ] the Earth there are 500 active vents and by utilizing distant feeling we can make seismal monitoring of these vents. Through distant feeling Catastrophe directors can continuously supervise the volcanic activities by making limited field work. Remote feeling besides enables vulcanologists to significantly cut down the sum of field work and saves attempts and money.Remote Sensing and Flooding:The Second most [ 2 ] common and widespread natural catastrophe is Flood. For [ 3 ] inundation monitoring remote detection has become the cardinal tool in recent old ages. Catastrophe directors can place inundation planes and countries which are prone to deluge on a remotely perceived imagination. Remotely sensed imagination generates images which help professional in mapping the high and low hazard countries and in measuring the amendss to the belongingss in inundation affected part. In flood direction remotely sensed informations can be used to calculate inundations and this will mitigates future amendss. Distant feeling allow [ 1 ] users to see what is taking topographic point in affected countries, without endangering their safety, since they will non really be on the site. By utilizing distant feeling engineering we can foreground characteristics of the geographics that make the community susceptible to the jeopardy. Using distant feeling Response workers can garner of import information for making deliverance and alleviation attempts without physically being present at the site.Remote Sensing and Hurricanes:Disaster [ 1 ] directors uses Remote feeling for hurricane prediction which will assist them to gauge the likely figure of storms for a given old ages, strength and possible degree of devastation. Remote detection is utile in any phase of the hurricane in extenuating the deathly effects of hurricanes. Remote [ 1 ] feeling can let contrivers to determine informations about the characteristics of water partings to include drainage and denseness. Once obtained, this is utile information as it provides information on the capacity of the watershed to cover with the volume of water-flow that could ensue from rains associated with the storm. Distant detection can supply good declaration spacial informations on hurricanes which can gives wealth [ 4 ] of information for appraisal, analysis and monitoring natural catastrophes like Hurricane, Tornados and Cyclone harm from little to big parts around the Earth. After the Hurricane experts can supervise the recovery advancement and find the alteration in landscape by utilizing distant detection. Remote feeling saves tonss of clip in a manner that it will let experts to analyze larger land mass in no clip. Coastal implosion therapy and storm rushs which consequences in hurricanes can be better mapped utilizing distant detection. Catastrophe directors, Emergency direction and community contrivers can be better prepare for hurricane impacts on their parts by utilizing the tools of distant detection.Remote detection and Landsliding:Landslide [ 1 ] can happen independently or with other jeopardies like temblor, deluging etc. Using distant feeling engineering in landsliding catastrophe directors are better able to prioritise and aim extenuation and readiness activities for their country. Once [ 1 ] major parts of land displacement out of topographic point, entree to and general visibleness of the affected country is normally badly restricted. Remotely perceived images under these conditions are utile tools in helping contrivers. It presents a image of what has taken topographic point, and AIDSs in the determination doing procedure sing the hereafter of the affected country. Where appraisal of an country is limited due to debris and mudflow from a landslide, remote feeling could perforate heavy countries to supply critical information. On [ 5 ] local and regional graduated tables remote feeling can greatly assist in probes of landslides. For landslide probe remote feeling can be used in two phases: landslides sensing and categorization monitoring activity of bing landslides Distant detection can assist greatly in foretelling future landslide happenings and this is of import for those who reside near unstable incline.Global Positioning System ( GPS ) in Disaster Management:3.3.3.1 Introduction:GPS [ 1 ] or Global Positioning System refer to Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS developed by Defense Department, America. Initially merely US military can utilize GPS but in 1980s it was extended for commercial and scientific universes. For navigational and positioning GPS tool is widely used. GPS include pilotage on land, in air and on sea. [ 5 ] By utilizing GPS engineering tool we can observe first phase catastrophe and suggest extenuation steps. In Landsliding Boundary of landslide country can be determine by GPS. Space section of GPS has 24 well-spaced orbiter groups ; these 24 orbiter groups orbit the Earth two clip per twenty-four hours and let people with land receiving systems to indicate out their exact location on Earth with high truth. Due to the low cost of GPS receiving system it is used globally. Receivers or devices have GPS equipment receives transmittal from at least few of the orbiters and can able to separate really precise placement informations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gps.htm ) In Earth [ 6 ] scientific disciplines GPS plays an of import function. For conditions prediction and planetary clime surveies meteorologists utilizations GPS. During and between temblors the tectonic gestures can be measured by GPS.3.3.3.2 Applications of GPS to Disaster Management:There is [ 5 ] no limitation of conditions for utilizing GPS, it can be used anyplace any clip and this makes GPS really utile in catastrophes. It has a dependable degree of preciseness. During exigency state of affairss GPS incorporated with GIS to cover real-time activity. In all stages of Disaster direction Cycle GPS is really utile and plays a critical function. In Emergency Disaster Management GPS plays an of import function by tracking exigency vehicles and supplies. Emergency vehicles have GPS receiving system and location is overlayed onto a map. For precise [ 7 ] placement of the deliverance squads and vehicles during catastrophe GPS Stationss can be good utilised as a base Stationss. Through [ 5 ] GPS experts can supervise the tallness of moving ridges. GPS units are fixed to buoys and the tallness of the units are can be determined to within centimeters any important alteration in moving ridge tallness or speed can trip an dismay for a tsunami or sea rush. With the aid of GPS, vents can be monitored. Catastrophe directors can mensurate the distortion of the land by utilizing GPS and made decision about volcanic activity. These GPS Stationss can be utilized as base Stationss for precise placement of deliverance squads and vehicles during the catastrophes.3.3.3.3 Advantages of GPS:The Advantages of [ 10 ] GPS are as under: Structural jobs in edifices and route can be detected by GPS. It besides predicts catastrophes like Flooding, earthquakes etc. GPS system in a auto or in a plane ensures that you will ne'er lost. It streamlines supply ironss and truck motion. it can track goods at any point of clip and predict accurately when goods will make their finish. Some [ 9 ] GPS systems allow you to seek the local country for nearby comfortss, such as hotels, eating houses and gas Stationss. This is highly helpful in some state of affairss. GPS [ 9 ] devices are perfect for H2O pilotage. In state of affairss where underwater jeopardies are a job, GPS devices allow leghorns to maneuver around concealed dangers.3.3.3.4 Disadvantages of GPS:Besides tonss of advantages GPS have some of import disadvantages besides [ 5 ] . Some of these disadvantages are preciseness is affected by the figure of discernible orbiters present, the obstructor of the observation point, and the monitoring of installed GPS receiving systems which have been placed out in the field. Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the GPS signals and this will do your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions besides affect GPS truth. GPS [ 9 ] signals are non wholly accurate. Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the signal, doing your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions ( such as geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity ) may besides impact GPS truth3.3.3.5 Disaster Management and GPS:For catastrophe direction and extenuation GPS is one of the most of import developmental and planning tool. Catastrophes which are in their first phase can be easy detected by utilizing GPS tools. GPS is besides an effectual tool for supervising natural catastrophes.GPS and Earthquake:The [ 6 ] size of an temblor can be measured by GPS and this is done by look intoing the entire distance that a station has moved in an temblor by comparing its place prior to the event with its place following the event. Harmonizing to scientist there is a relationship exist between sum of supplanting caused by an temblor and magnitude of temblor. Scientist use this relationship to happen out the size of an temblor by utilizing technological tools of GPS. GPS can [ 6 ] make really accurate measurings and due to this scientists can enter millimeter-scale faux pas on mistakes that can non normally be measured. GPS progress tools can be really utile in: Emergency readiness and response betterment Determining of aftershock hazard countries following major temblors Prevent devastation of edifices, belongings and substructure Provide better geophysical theoretical accounts.GPS and Flooding:For [ 7 ] natural catastrophe like Deluging GPS has the potency of making deliverance and relief operations during and after Flood. The integrating of location based spacial function system: GIS, with GPS can straight give the map of the country being covered. The Video Mapping System, a digital picture camera straight linked to a GPS receiving system can give us the complete image of the part. This will let improved image reading, which is really utile for Flood jeopardy extenuation and direction. GPS [ 8 ] engineering helps deluge field directors to: Perform hazard appraisal and jeopardy designation Take proactive steps to really cut down inundation hazards Produce GPS Elevation Certificates which help place proprietors recognize their true inundation hazard and obtain best-value inundation insurance to cut down their fiscal Vulnerability Help speed up Federal catastrophe aid support when deluging really occurs.